War I And World War II - 1154 Words

War. The word alone conveys images of destruction and death. First, it is important to define war. War is armed conflict between governments in which 1,000 people are killed yearly. In the last century there have been hundreds of wars, but only World War I and World War II were fought on a global scale between major powers. The Cold War almost pitted the Soviet Union against the United States, but a war by definition never occurred. In his essay â€Å"War Has Almost Ceased to Exist: An Assessment,† John Mueller considers several factors for why there have been no wars between major international powers. Mueller, argues that since 1945, the main reason for the lack of war between major powers is due to a change in attitude. Yes, a change in†¦show more content†¦charter states that â€Å"all members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against... any state†.2 Founded right after WWII the United Nations main goal was to pr event another World War. All of the aforementioned international organizations serve as a grand stage for dialogue between nations. Article 10 of the U.N. charter â€Å"authorizes the Assembly to discuss any questions or any matters of concern to the U.N.†.3 By allowing all members of the United Nations to voice concerns this helps to avoid conflict among major international actors. It is far more difficult to engage in a war between two superpowers when nations are divided between these powerful alliances. The most important body of the U.N., the security council has six permanent members. These six members are China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States main goal is to maintain international peace. By having these six powerful countries on the security council a major conflict is unlikely to take place. With alliances more present such as NATO countries are not as likely to engage a member country. This is because if a country attacked a member country then they would also face military engagement with all members of the alliance. Lastly, the U.N. security council has the power to put economic sanctions against a country. These sanctions can hinder economic growth of a

The Immigration And Refugee Policies - 1191 Words

This paper will examine the immigration and refugee policies applied to Cubans and Salvadorans from the late-20th century, marking the initial surge of migrants from this region to the United States. The main reason that led to differences between Salvadoran and Cuban granted refugee status in the U.S. was the fact that Salvadorans were fleeing violence of regimes that the U.S. supported while Cubans were fleeing the U. S’s primary enemy, communism. This in turn led to different integration processes and acceptance into the state. The U. S’s Cold War policies of preventing the spread of communism depended on the U.S.’s Military interventions. However, the U.S. military occupations did not lead to democratic governments and more†¦show more content†¦President Ronald Reagan argued that this threatened the U.S. way of life and hemisphere as a whole and on May 9, 1984 addressed U.S. foreign policy allowing Cubans to come into the state as â€Å"political refugees† (Guerra,331). For the U.S. government, Cuban emigrants provided the rationale for continuing foreign policy aimed at containing communism and expanding the forces needed for battle (Guerra,340). Among the waves of Cubans who migrated to the United States, those who were benefited the most were the the elite and working class (Pedraza,265). Being made up of the upper class that had a good education and expertise resulted in a warm welcome and substantial economic opportunities. Cubans enjoyed near automatic entrance in the the U.S. through President Lyndon Johnson’s â€Å"open door† policy that allowed the entrance of refugees from communism. Under this joint policy the U.S. and Cuban government set up Freedom Flights that daily brought in Cubans for eight years which totaled more than 250,000 people (Pedraza,313). These social classes enjoyed automatic permanent residency status and additional benefits such as food, cash allotments, Cubans-only education programs, and other privileges never extended to other immigrants or minority groups. However, the third wave of migrants, the Marielitos, instead of being welcomed like they were in the past 20 years, the U.S. focused inordinately on the criminal element (Pedraza,270). This group

Dream Destination Free Essays

What would be your dream destination if you do not need to worry about the budget and time? Sun, sand and sea, a thousand ‘Robinson Crusoe’ islands, massive lagoons with different depths and infinite shades of blue and turquoise, dazzling underwater coral gardens; a perfect natural combination for the ideal tropical holiday destination. However there is more to the Maldives than just that. Mal Dives comprises 1,190 coral islands, forming an archipelago of 26 major atolls on Southwest of Sri Lanka, on the equator. We will write a custom essay sample on Dream Destination or any similar topic only for you Order Now It stretches 820 kilometres north to south and 120 kilometres east to west. 02 are inhabited, 87 are exclusive resort islands. The weather there is generally warm and humid. There are sun shines all year through, and the average temperature is around 29 – 32 degrees Celsius. The origins of the Maldivians are lost in antiquity, but history reveals that the islands have been populated for over 3,000 years ago. Early settlers were travelers on the Silk Route and from the Indus Valley Civilization. Inherently warm, friendly and hospitable by nature, it is easy to feel comfortable and relaxed with a Maldivian. A proud history and rich culture evolved from the first settlers who were from various parts of the world travelling the seas in ancient times. The Maldives has been a melting pot of different cultures as people from different parts of the world came here and settled down. Some of the local music and dance for instance resemble African influences, with handbeating of drums and songs in a language that is not known to any but certainly represents that of East African countries. As one would expect there is a great South Asian influence in some of the music and dancing and especially in the traditional food of the Maldivians. However many of the South Asian customs especially with regard to women are not tenets of life here – for instance, the Sub Continent’s tradition of secluding women from public view. In fact women play a major role in society – not surprising considering the fact men spend the whole day out at sea fishing. Many of the traditions are strongly related to the seas. Dhivehi is the language spoken in all parts of the Maldives. English is widely spoken by Maldivians and visitors can easily make themselves understood getting around the capital island. In the resorts, a variety of languages are spoken by the staff including English, German, French, Italian and Japanese. After a quick look at Mal Dives’ geography, climate, origins, cultures and languages, it’s time for me to tell you my personal reason to choose Mal Dives as my dream destination. The Beaches in the Maldives are spectacular. Families spend their time there with for relaxation, and couples might go there for honey mood. I am so interested in some of the resorts which are built right on the sea. It arouses my desire to jump into the sea in the morning and I am sure I can stay in the resort for a whole day. Another special activity is scuba diving. Maldives is treasured as one of best diving destinations, it is the place where a diver’s dream come true. Diving Safaris will lead you to exciting spots hardly ever visited before. It is the best opportunity to discover the breathtaking beauty of the fascinating underwater kingdom known as the best underwater scenery in the world. And, since I enjoy taking pictures, I will try to fill my photo albums with photos of Mal Dives. I believe the natural beautiful scenes of Mal Dives will impress my friends and family. Maybe I will even try to take pictures underwater. Hopefully I will get the chance to take some pictures with mermaids. Although I don’t have to worry about budget and time, I still have to plan my schedule for the trip to Mal Dives. I think I am going to spend at least 5 days 4 nights there with an important person of mine. I plan to make this trip romantic for my girl as I wish to win her heart successfully. The first 2 nights I will choose to stay in Olhuveli Beach Spa Resort, and I intend to stay at the Honeymoon Water Villa. During the stay at Olhuveli, we can do many kinds of water sports there such as windsurfing or kite boarding. Later, we will go to a sun spa to relax. The magnificent Sun Spa at Olhuveli takes an integrated and holistic approach to your health, providing holistic treatments for your body, mind and spirit. Then, the rest of the holidays I will be in Soneva Fushi in Mal Dives. The reason I choose this resort is that it features its jungle and beach-side location. It is so unique that everything there seems to be made of wood. I am looking forward to walking in the forest in the early morning before breakfast. Later, I will stay around the pool for the rest of the morning. Later, after taking a nap in the wood house, we will do cycling before dinner to end the day. However, Mal Dives is cursed with mounting evidence of an environmental catastrophe. Government scientists fear the sea level is rising up to 0. 9cm a year, and the Maldives could become uninhabitable within 100 years. What we can do to help Mal Dives is to reduce the emission of greenhouse gas such as using appliances efficiently, and avoiding using plastic bags from grocery stores. It is important to protect and conserve such a beautiful place as Mal Dives. To sum up, as the topic says, I chose Mal Dives to be my dream destination since I don’t have to worry about the budge and time. However, I might need to work on my languages (for example, to learn some Dhivehi, and most importantly, improve my English. ) Anyhow, I believe I am already one step closer to my dream destination. I thank Wells for giving me the opportunity to engage myself in the research on Mal Dives and to learn some English when writing this speech. This is really a great practice. Thank you for listening. Resource: http://www. visitmaldives. com/ http://www. olhuveli. com/ http://www. sixsenses. com/soneva/ How to cite Dream Destination, Papers

Corporations Journal Diversity Management â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: Who Are The Non Executive Members Of The Management In A Global Team? What Role Do They Play In The Team? Does Their Role Have Any Connection With The Issues That Occurs In A Global Team? Is It Possible For Them To Address Minimize The Negative Impact Overcome The Challenges? What Skills Do They Require To Address The Issues Faced? What Is The Importance Of Non Executive Member Of The Management That Are The Team Members Of A Global Team? Answers: Introduction Global team is a combination of workers across the temporal, cultural and geographical boundaries and brought together in a single framework. Multinational companies use it as a solution to Human Resource aiming to increase the performance. Integration of employees from different ethnic background provides innovative ideas and different approaches to any particular issue. Multiple dimensions of a single issue help in effective targeting of the market. Despite of the advantages identified, various issues occur in managing a global team. A number of researches are reviewed in the literature review section to identify and evaluate the challenges faced by the multinational enterprises in the management. The impact of cultural diversity and international HRM is also highlighted. A hypothesis is formulated from the study with research questions to address the gap found in literature. A detailed description of methodologies is proposed to carry out the research process with limitations and research time schedule. Project Objective To identify the challenges faced by the management To identify the mechanism of virtuality management and cultural diversity management To identify the advantages and impact of IHRM implication Project Scope The scope of the project is good and the project is focused on the challenges faced by the multinational companies in managing their global team. In spite of having positive impact on the organization and increase the work efficiency, it demonstrates some major challenges due to the diverse culture and communication gap. Research can be carried out focusing on these topics. Definition of Global team The contribution of the formation of global team goes to globalization. This is a geographically dispersed virtual workforce that serves as the principle vehicle of business organizations achieving the global efficiency. Global teams are formed with an idea to resolve the issues like diversified target audience demand, converging markets, and resource allocation faced by multinational enterprises. Dixon (2008) defined global team as a dispersed, multicultural virtual team. Internationalization of business has led the global team to proliferate best operations and practices in the global market. According to Araujo (2009), sustainability and growth can be achieved using global team to manage and execute the complex strategic interventions. Significant management is essential for a global team to address the challenges faced due to virtual communication and diversified cultural accumulation. Managing Virtuality and Cultural Diversity in global teams Addressing the human resource management of a global team is considerably different and more difficult compared to the traditional teams (Hansen, Hop and Moehler 2012). Various methods have been proposed by different scholars over time that are put under two broad selections. They are: Mechanism for Managing virtuality Barriers in interaction between the team members due to the virtual communication needs to be managed in an efficient order to avoid possible issues that might rise between the team members that has negative impact on its efficiency. Three possible ways of managing the virtuality is possible to identify from the present literature. Transactive Memory System: This is a system used in knowledge and information sharing between the members of a global team. A team with developed TMS shows greater result in accurate transaction of information within the virtual team that has positive impact on output (Hansen, Hope and Moehler 2012). Psychologically safe communication Climate: Managers can utilize the PSCC as an effective tool for negotiation of adverse effect of vituality of global terms (Gibson and Gibbs 2006). Developing Trust: Trust can be a major issue in any team. Hence, the trust build up is essential for the case virtual team members to ensure collaboration and operate without disruption (Kelly 2011). Mechanism for managing cultural diversity Cultural diversity of the global teams can both have positive and negative impact. A proper collaboration is essential between the team members to generate positive effect, failure of which can have devastating effect. Different researchers have proposed various mechanisms for effective management of the global team. Those with importance are mentioned bellow. Cultural Intelligence: It is mandate for the leaders to develop cultural intelligence to succeed in the cross-cultural team management. It helps to increase the interaction between the team members (Magdaleno and Kleiner, 2016). Cultural Agility: The contribution of cultural agility is visible in the grounds of flexibility and performance of the group. It should be a desired skill for the management personnel working with a global team (Caligiuri 2012). Global Mindset: It is a mechanism used in influencing the sense of responsibility of the global team members avoiding the cultural barriers. Challenges in Managing Global Team Several challenges have been identified by different scholars that are geographical separation, sharing knowledge across the globe, managing time and attention, and cultural differences. It is primarily due to the dispersed team. These challenges are possible to meet with the mechanism proposed above (Orhan 2014). Implication of IHRM Responsibility of the international human resource management is to address and overcome the challenges mention above. The key role of an IHRM is to train the global team members and leaders to develop their transactive memory system, psychologically safe communication climate and trust. The use of IHRM can reflect potential benefit in increasing the performance of a global team (Palthe 2014). Literature Gap The existing researches fail to link the financial and non-financial factors that plays vital role in global team management where research can be carried out. Moreover, these researchers primarily focused on the leaders and managers to address the challenges that affect the efficiency of the global team. However, no research gave importance in the employee level and their skills that are essential part of the global team. Hence, it is important to address the mentioned areas. Hypothesis H0: Non executive team members of global team plays important role in managing the emerging challenges H1: Non executive team members of global team plays no as such role in team management and addressing the challenges Research Questions Research questions are compared with the compass of researchers as it guides the research and drives it to the proper direction preventing it from going off track. There are two types of research questions that are primary and secondary research questions. Primary questions searches for the end result. Whereas, the secondary questions are formed in order to obtain the answer for the primary question. Qualitative and Quantitative Research Qualitative research methods focuses on the non countable data acquisition whereas, quantitative methods addresses the countable data. The methods are overlapping and used for both types of data collection. The selected methods for obtaining data are discussed bellow. Sampling and Sample Size These are used for collecting both types of data. The method used for selecting target population is called sampling. Whereas, the number of samples collected for the research is called sample size (Marshall et al. 2013). Data Collection Method Primary and secondary data collection method is the two types under this section. If the data source is primary, such as CEO of a company, it is primary data, whereas, if it is literature, the data is called secondary (McDonald et al. 2013). Research Instrument The tools utilized for the purpose of data collection are referred as research instrument. These can be interview, questionnaire reading and many more (Schaufeli,Maslach and Marek 2017). Interview and Questionnaire Design Both the designs are similar and overlapping where a set of questions are asked to the subjects for obtaining the data. Person to person interact is present in the interview, whereas, a paper with a set of questions is provided to the subject to answer in yes and no format in a questionnaire (Willis 2015). Quantitative Data Analysis Process There are numerous process of analyzing the collected numeric data that are clearing, coding, interpretation and presentation. All of these methods of data analysis is summed up as quantitative data analysis process (Bykztrk 2017). Research Limitations Every research has a limitation as a research cannot address everything related to the topic. Time is an important external factor that sets limit for the research. On the other hand, limitation set by the researcher is important to focus on a particular aspect of the study. Objectives of the research plays crucial role in setting limits as the research focuses in meeting the particular objectives (Veld-Merkoulova and Viteva 2016). Time Schedule Main activities/ stages Month Jan 2017 Month Jun 2017 Month Dec 2017 Month Jan 2018 Month Jun 2018 Month Dec 2018 Selection of topic Collecting data from secondary sources Constructing the research layout Literature review Development of research Plan Selection of Appropriate Research Techniques Primary data collection Analysis Interpretation of Data which are collected Conclusion Development of Draft Final Work submission Conclusion Numerous researches have been conducted on the management challenges faced in a global team. Many of them suggest various mechanisms to tackle with the issue in hand. However, all the researches focus on the manager or the leader of a global team to address the issue. Non executive staffs are not given priority I any of the researches. Hence, it is a great topic to carry forward. The hypothesis is formed to identify the importance of non executive members of the team in handling the challenges face by them. Research questions re formed in a compact manner to address the objective of the research. The proposed methodologies are essential to carry out the research in a structured fashion. The time limit is set to two years for successful completion of the project. References Araujo, A. (2009). Implementing global virtual teams to enhance cross-border transfer of knowledge in multinational enterprises: a resource-based view.International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations, 6(2), p.161. Bykztrk, ?., 2017. Sosyal bilimler iin veri analizi el kitab?.Pegem At?f ?ndeksi, pp.1-213. Caligiuri, P. (2012).Cultural Agility: Building a Pipeline of Successful Global Professionals. Jossey Bass Inc. Dixon, K. and Panteli, N. (2010). From virtual teams to virtuality in teams.Human Relations, 63(8), pp.1177-1197. Gibson, C. and Gibbs, J. (2006). Unpacking the Concept of Virtuality: The Effects of Geographic Dispersion, Electronic Dependence, Dynamic Structure, and National Diversity on Team Innovation.Administrative Science Quarterly, 51(3), pp.451-495. Hansen, T., Hope, A. and Moehler, R. (2012). Managing Geographically Dispersed Teams: From Temporary to Permanent Global Virtual Teams.SSRN Electronic Journal. Kelley, E. (2011). Keys to Effective Virtual Global Teams.Academy of Management Executive, 15(2), pp.132-133. Marshall, B., Cardon, P., Poddar, A. and Fontenot, R., 2013. Does sample size matter in qualitative research?: A review of qualitative interviews in IS research.Journal of Computer Information Systems,54(1), pp.11-22. Magdaleno, G. and Kleiner, B. (2016). Global Trends in Managing Cultural Diversity.Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, 3(4), pp.31-36. McDonald, C.M., Henricson, E.K., Abresch, R.T., Florence, J., Eagle, M., Gappmaier, E., Glanzman, A.M., Spiegel, R., Barth, J., Elfring, G. and Reha, A., 2013. The 6?minute walk test and other clinical endpoints in duchenne muscular dystrophy: Reliability, concurrent validity, and minimal clinically important differences from a multicenter study.Muscle nerve,48(3), pp.357-368. Orhan, M. (2014). Extending the Individual Level of Virtuality: Implications of Task Virtuality in Virtual and Traditional Settings.Administrative Sciences, 4(4), pp.400-412. Palthe, J. (2014). Cross-Level Cultural Congruence: Implications For Managing Diversity In Multinational Corporations.Journal of Diversity Management (JDM), 9(1), p.51. Schaufeli, W.B., Maslach, C. and Marek, T. eds., 2017.Professional burnout: Recent developments in theory and research. Taylor Francis. Veld-Merkoulova, Y. and Viteva, S., 2016. Conclusions, Limitations and Future Research. InCarbon Finance(pp. 129-131). Springer International Publishing. Willis, G.B., 2015.Analysis of the cognitive interview in questionnaire design. Oxford University Press.

Romanticism Essays - Heinrich Heine, Die Harzreise,

Romanticism Heine Literary Romanticism is a movement in literature present in the history of virtually every European country, the USA, and Latin America. It lasted from approximately 1750 to about 1870 and was characterized by reliance on the imagination and emotional subjectivity of approach, freedom of thought and expression, and an idealization of nature. The term romantic first appeared in 18th-century English and originally meant romancelikethat is, resembling the fanciful character of medieval romances. Romanticism was merely a product of bygone ages as are all works of literature. Heinrich Heine is an example of a German romantic poet. He is best renowned for his early lyrical poems and ballads, which are acclaimed for the variety and depth of moods and emotions they express. Born in D?sseldorf, Heine attended schools there until 1815. There is some evidence that then, while staying in Hamburg with his uncle Salomon Heine, a banker, Heine fell in love with his cousin Amalie but she did not return his love. This early experience may have been the source for the themes of yearning, disappointment, and romantic irony in Heine's poetry. His poems epitomize the Romantic style, and focus mainly on love, and unrequited or otherwise unattainable love. In his own time, he was also well known for his liberal political opinions and for his satirical attacks on German nationalism. His writings and controversial activities brought him into disfavor in Germany but made him famous throughout Europe. In reading his works, it will be noticeable that In 1822 Heine's first volume of verse, Gedichte (Poems, 1884), was published. The book attracted attention because of the delicacy and lyrical beauty of the poems. He remained in Berlin until 1823, writing poetry. From 1824 to 1825 he returned to the study of law in G?ttingen. Because the profession of law was prohibited to Jews in Germany at that time, Heine, who was born Jewish, converted to Christianity in 1825 in order to obtain a law degree. He received his degree but never practiced law. In 1826 Die Harzreise (The Harz Journey 1887), a prose account of a trip he had taken to the Harz, a mountain range in central Germany, was published. This work, with its wit and grace of style, won success immediately and established Heine's literary reputation. In 1827 his Buch der Lieder (Book of Songs, 1846) was published. Many noted composers, including Franz Schubert of Austria and Robert Schumann of Germany, wrote music to accompany these verses. From 1827 to 1831 Heine lived in England and Italy as well as in various parts of Germany. During that period he wrote the three volumes of travel stories that, with Die Harzreise, make up the four volumes of his Reisebilder (1826-1831; Travel Pictures, 1887). He also wrote a number of prose works in which he displayed sympathy with the democratic ideas of the French Revolution (1789-1799) and bitterly satirized the feudal regimes of the German kingdoms and duchies (see Feudalism). In the 1830s Heine became a prominent member of a literary group known as Junges Deutschland (Young Germany), which attacked the German school of Romanticism for having come under the domination of the monarchy and the church. He had hoped to obtain a position as a professor of German literature, but his political ideas brought him into the disfavor of the established German governments. Seeking a more friendly political and literary atmosphere, Heine left for Paris in 1831. Except for two brief visits to his native land, he spent the rest of his life in France. In Paris Heine wrote for several German newspapers and became friends with writers such as Honor? de Balzac and George Sand and composers such as Hector Berlioz and Fr?d?ric Chopin. In 1835 the writings of the Junges Deutschland group were banned in most of Germany, and Heine's income was considerably reduced. In 1845 he contracted a spinal disease that confined him to his mattress grave, as he called his bed, from 1848 to his death in 1856. Nevertheless, some of his most notable works such as the volume of poetry Romanzero (1851), date from the last years of his life. Heine's personality was composed of sharply conflicting elements: a pagan joy of life and a feeling for Hebraic ethical

Life And Work Of Barbara Baer Capitman History Essay Essay Example

Life And Work Of Barbara Baer Capitman History Essay Essay Example Life And Work Of Barbara Baer Capitman History Essay Paper Life And Work Of Barbara Baer Capitman History Essay Paper who lives in London, and John A. , who lives in Cambridge, Mass. , and four grandchildren. Barbara Baer Capitman, the audacious small old lady credited with salvaging Miami Beach s colourful Art Deco territory made celebrated on the hit telecasting series Miami Vice, has died in the metropolis she sought to continue. She was 69. Mrs. Capitman, who suffered from diabetes and bosom jobs, died Thursday at Mt. Sinai Medical Center in Miami Beach, harmonizing to infirmary spokesman Arthur Ehrlich. She was president of the Art Deco Society of America and had organized chapters in metropoliss around the state, including Los Angeles, to continue the cosmetic humanistic disciplines manner of architecture popular between the two universe wars. Although slightly more capricious in Miami, the manner is exemplified by the Chrysler Building and Radio City Music Hall in New York City and the old Pan Pacific Auditorium and the Times edifice in Los Angeles. At the clip of her decease, Mrs. Capitman was seting together the first World Congress on Art Deco and working on a book, Art Deco U.S.A. Last twelvemonth she published a book about Miami Beach s 1930s hotels and other Art Deco edifices called Deco Delights. Mrs. Capitman became a preservationist in 1975 as a agency of doing new friends after the decease of her hubby, William, at 53. She attributed her quavery voice, which her disparagers often mimicked, to the daze of his decease. Within four old ages, despite resistance by the Miami Beach metropolis director and Chamber of Commerce, Mrs. Capitman and her Design Preservation League won listing of the mile-square territory on the National Register of Historic Places, supplying federal revenue enhancement inducements for Restoration. The country is the lone territory with 20th-Century architecture in the registry. It was a enormous accomplishment by one individual one small old lady, said her boy Andrew. Barbara Capitman deserves her repute as the never-say-die title-holder of the Art Deco hoarded wealths of Miami Beach, said billionaire investor Robert Bass, president of the National Trust for Historic Preservation. The territory s 800 or so edifices, designed in the 30s to look like ocean line drives or projectile ships or even bonbons to take holidaying Americans heads off the Depression, are the focal point of Miami Beach s one-year Art Deco Weekend festival, which draws about 400,000 people. In Salvaging South Beach, historic saving clangs with development as each side vies for control of South Beach. A spectrum of characters are present, from Barbara Baer Capitman, the ailing middle-aged widow who became an revivalist for the Miami Beach Art Deco territory, to Abe Resnick, the millionaire Holocaust subsister determined to halt her. From innovators to voluntaries, from Judaic retired persons to Cuban expatriates, from occupants and concern proprietors to developers and metropolis leaders, each adds another piece to the mystifier, another position of the intense struggle that ensued. Although a figure of the country s iconic edifices were demolished, the Miami Design Preservation League succeeded in come ining about half of the vicinity into the National Register of Historic Places, kicking off a revival attempt that spread throughout South Beach. Preservationist M. Barron Stofik lived in Miami during this turmoil-ridden period and, through 100s of interviews and extended probe, weaves together dramatic subjects of civic gallantry, saving, and cultural alteration in the passionate human narrative behind the pastelfacades and neon visible radiations. Barbara Capitman is our 2010 Woman In History Honoree She was born in Chicago and attended New York University. A In her early old ages she was a newsman for The Atlantic City Daily World and was an advertisement copywriter.A When she moved to Miami in 1973, she used her literary accomplishments to assist excite involvement in 1920aˆ?s and 1930aˆ?s Art Deco edifices throughout the state. Much of South Beach s edifices were neglected and abandoned at the clip, but Barbara Capitman was a airy mind and was greatly inspired by happening the universe s largest concentration of Art Deco architecture. In 1976 she helped establish Miami Design Preservation League ( MDPL ) and led a extremely criticized battle to salvage Miami Beach s Art Deco architectural buildings.A Miami Design Preservation League eventually won its landmark conflict on May 14, 1979, and the Art Deco District was added to the National Register of Historic Places.A It was the first clip a twentieth century territory was recognized as Historic by the U.S. authorities. This act brought federal revenue enhancement alleviation to the down country, and South Beach began to demo marks of economic and cultural growth.A One by one, the abandoned edifices were restored into vibrantly colored Art Deco plants of art which about instantly became backgrounds for International manner catalogues, movies and telecasting shows ; and all of a sudden theoretical accounts, famous persons, and lensmans began to flock to the new pastel resort area. Art Deco is the bosom and psyche of South Beach, and Miami Design Preservation League carries forth its spirit, says Miami Beach Mayor Matti Herrera Bower. Our community s success narrative is a testimonial to MDPL s defending our historic territory. Continuing the community s architecture, character and unity led the manner to theA economic and cultural resurgence we all benefit from today. The League was the universe s first Art Deco Society and Capitman s attempts led to the formation of Art Deco saving groups throughout the United States, Europe, Latin America, Australia and New Zealand. Barbara besides hosted a wireless show and authored the books Art Deco Trademarks , Rediscovering Art Deco U.S.A. andA Deco Delights Continuing Miami Beach Architecture . Barabara Capitman died twenty old ages ago in March 1990 but her unerasable grade on South Beach history will neer be forgotten.A WE are proud to call Barbara Baer Capitman our 2010 Women s History Honoree and have asked early preservationist to come and portion a few memories about her and the saving of the Art Deco District. Possibly the following clip you walk down Ocean Drive you will believe of Barbara.A WE invite you to see the new Miami Design Preservation League s ART DECO WELCOME CENTER located on Ocean Drive at the corner of Barbara Capitman Way ( 10th St ) and we hope it inspires you to fall in in the Preservation Movement that continues in South Beach and environing communities.A Click the nexus below if you would wish to do a $ 50 Donation to MDPL aid continue the memory of the adult female who led the battle to continue our community.A Your contribution will include a 1 Year Membership to MDPL and a part to The Barbara Capitman archives. August 1976 The Miami Design Preservation League ( MDPL ) was formed through the attempts of Barbara Baer Capitman and her boy John Capitman. The initial drift was to happen a undertaking to honour the United States bicentenary ; the Capitmans worked with interior decorators Leonard Horowitz and Lillian Barber to place a concentration of 1930s edifices in South Miami Beach that the group felt could be a historic territory of twentieth century architecture. A December 1976 MDPL held its first large-scale public meeting, dubbed the Design Forum. A May 6, 1977 MDPL was incorporated by the State of Florida. Military officers were: Barbara Baer Captiman, President ; David Gell, Secretary ; Jerry Peters, Treasurer ; and Howard M. Neu, Vice President. A September 1977 Art Deco Number of Night and Day magazine high spots the ends and achievements of MDPL. A October 13-19, 1978 Art Deco Week organized by MDPL. The festival was held at and around the Cardozo Hotel on Ocean Drive. Barbara Capitman created the event as a show window for the Art Deco subdivision of Miami Beach trusting to pull both locals and tourers to the country which was comprised of an aged population populating on fixed income, many life at the poorness degree. A December 12, 1978 By-laws of MDPL were amended and submitted to State of Florida. Barbara Baer Capitman, David J. Gell and Carl Weinhardt, Jr. were authorized to put to death the Articles as endorsers and Andres Fabergas and Michael Kinerk, president and secretary, severally, were authorized to put to death the declaration. Chairperson, Barbara Baer Capitman ; President, Andres Fabregas ; Vice President, Leonard Horowitz ; Secretary, Michael D. Kinerk ; Treasurer, Jose Madrazo ; Board members besides officers: Jerald Goodman, Claire Major, Joy Moos, Karolyn Robinson, Sol Schreiber, Landon Thorne III, Carl J Weinhardt, Jr. , Mitchell Wolfson, Jr. A May 14, 1979 The Miami Beach Architectural Historic District ( popularly known as the Art Deco District and Old Miami Beach ) was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It was the state s first twentieth century Historic District. A July 1979 Portfolio of the Art Deco Historic District was published by MDPL with support from the National Endowment for the Arts ( NEA. ) Barbara Capitman, editor ; Diane Camber, Assistant Editor ; Bill Bucolo, Managing Editor ; photographic essay by David Kaminsky ; articles by Carl J. Weinhardt, Jr. , Karalyn Robinson, Barbara Capitman and Andrew Capitman. A September 1979 The Art Deco District: Time Present Time Past, a magazine with articles on assorted facets of Art Deco, was published by MDPL. A March, 1980 Andy Warhol, world-famous creative person and one of the pioneering Art Deco aggregators, called the MDPL office in March 1980 and asked if person would demo him the Art Deco edifices in Miami Beach. An assignment was made, Warhol arrived from New York and he was given a top to bottom circuit led by MDPL laminitis, Barbara Baer Capitman and Diana Camber the Executive Director of MDPL, now Director of the Bass Museum of Art. This event was widely covered by the intelligence media and gave our new historic territory a cast of blessing from an art-world famous person. A April 1980 The Boulevard Hotel, at 775 Dade Boulevard, was demolished. A January 1981 The Anderson-Notter-Finegold program for the Miami Beach Architectural Historic District was completed ( the program was neer adopted ) . A January 7, 1981 The New Yorker Hotel ( Henry Hohauser, 1939 ) , at 1611 Collins Avenue, was demolished. Despite sustained protests from preservationists, the hotel was destroyed by proprietors Abe Resnik, Dov Dunaesvsky, and Isaac Fryd. The hotel, which many consider to be Hohauser s most successful design, awakened the community to the demand to ordain local statute law to protect belongingss listed on the National Register. The hotel s facade was subsequently used in the new logo of the Miami Design Preservation League ; the New Yorker s batch stood vacant for many old ages and is now occupied by the northern-most part of the Loew s convention centre hotel. A February 1981 Adoption of the first Dade County Historic Preservation Ordinance, which required municipalities to follow Historic Preservation Ordinances by July 1982. A February 4, 1981 City Commission adopted Resolution No. 81-16551 bespeaking freedom from County Historic Preservation regulations. A 1981 MDPL laminitiss Barbara Baer Capitman and Leonard Horowitz took a cross-country trip to detect Art Deco architecture in major U.S. metropoliss. The trip spurred the development of Art Deco societies in many of the metropoliss, and Capitman began to be referred to as the Johnny Appleseed of Art Deco. A 1981-1982 MDPL worked to protect historic edifices by promoting local historic appellation on the National Register District. A April 2, 1982 First meeting of Mayor s Ad Hoc Committee to outline and reexamine a Historic Preservation Ordinance for Miami Beach. A June, 1982 Miami Beach Art Deco District: Time Future was published by Community Action and Research under the protections of MDPL. The brochure, edited by Paul A. Rothman and Barbara Capitman with in writing design by Woody Vondracek, summarized the Anderson Notter Finegold program for the Art Deco Historic District and lobbied for its acceptance by the City of Miami Beach. A June 16, 1982 The first Miami Beach Historic Preservation Ordinance, No. 82-2318, was adopted ; it contained 100 per centum proprietor consent proviso. A September 23, 1982 The Dade County Historic Preservation Board found the Miami Beach Ordinance non in conformity with county demands. A October 20, 1982 The City Commission appointed the first Historic Preservation Board. A January 31, 1983 The U.S. Department of the Interior found the Miami Beach Ordinance to be in conformity with National Register criterions for local authoritiess. A April 20, 1983 Regulation No. 83-2367 amended Historic Preservation Ordinance No. 82-2318, altering proprietor consent from 100 per centum to 51 per centum required for appellation. A May 4-7, 1983 The Art Deco District came to the attending of the art universe as a consequence of Surrounded Islands, an installing by creative persons Christo and Jeanne-Claude in which a series of 11 islands in Biscayne Bay were wrapped in pink cloth. During the installing, the creative persons established their central offices in the Art Deco District. A August 15, 1983 Dade County and others filed a case to annul the Miami Beach Historic Preservation Ordinance. A October 5, 1983 The City Commission adopted Ordinance No. 83-2388 denominating the Old City Hall edifice as the metropolis s first Historic Preservation Site. A February 1, 1984 The City Commission adopted Ordinance No. 84-2402 denominating the 21st Street Community Center a Historic Preservation Site. A April 4, 1984 The City Commission adopted Ordinance No. 84-2405 making a Design Review Board. A 1984-1989 The Art Deco District achieved world-wide acknowledgment as a consequence of the hit telecasting show Miami Vice, starring Don Johnson and Philip Michael Thomas. The show used the Art Deco District as a background in many of the episodes. A February 6, 1985 The City Commission adopted the Ocean Drive program incorporating recommendations for local Historic District appellation. A March 20, 1985 The City Commission adopted Ordinance No. 85-2470 extinguishing the proprietor consent proviso from Historic Preservation regulations. A October 16, 1985 The City Commission adopted the Espanola Way program incorporating a recommendation for local Historic District appellation. A 1985 Renowned manner lensman Bruce Weber chose Miami Beach s Breakwater Hotel for a exposure shoot for an ad for Calvin Klein s Obsession, spurring an onslaught of manner picture taking shoots in the Art Deco District. A July 23, 1986 The City Commission adopted Ordinance No. 86-2511 denominating the Espanola Way District and the Ocean Drive/Collins Avenue District as Miami Beach s first Historic Preservation territories. These regulations were adopted after important grassroots attempts by MDPL. A 1986 Our DriveaˆÂ ¦Ocean Drive was a joint run by MDPL and its sister organisation, the Miami Beach Development Corporation ( MBDC ) , now renamed the Miami Beach Community Development Corporation ( MBCDC ) . As a consequence, a $ 3 million bond bundle was approved to fund the broadening of the pavement on the west side of Ocean Drive, leting hotels to set up pavement coffeehouse. On the east side of the street, a broad promenade was created along the wall dividing Lummus Park from the beach. A 1986-1988 MDPL campaigned for local appellation of the full National Register District and alterations to the districting codifications to do them more compatible with historic saving. A MDPL started the SOS ( Save Our Senator ) run to forestall destruction of the Senator Hotel. Although the hotel was demolished ( see May 3, 1988 ) , MDPL s attempts delayed destruction for more than a twelvemonth. The public call that MDPL created resulted in the City Commission go throughing a reinforced local saving regulation that could forestall destruction. A 1987 The Biscaya Hotel ( 1925 ) , at 650 West Avenue, was demolished. MDPL mounted an unsuccessful run to salvage the hotel, originally the Floridian Hotel and the last leftover illustration of the expansive bayside hotels. A May 6, 1987 The City Commission adopted Ordinance No. 87-2665 denominating Altos del Mar a Historic Preservation District. A January 1988 The Poinciana Hotel ( Albert Anis, 1939 ) , at 1555 Collins Avenue, was demolished. A February 3, 1988 The City Commission adopted Ordinance No. 88-2598, beef uping the destruction subdivision of the Historic Preservation Ordinance. A May 1988 Miami Beach Art Deco Guide was published by MDPL. The guidebook, written by Keith Root with editorial aid by Dr. Ernest Martin and Michael Kinerk, contained six self-guided walking Tourss of the Art Deco District. A May 3, 1988 The Senator Hotel ( L. Murray Dixon, 1939 ) , at 1201 Collins Avenue, was demolished. A June 1988 Deco Delights: Continuing the Beauty and Joy of Miami Beach Architecture, written by MDPL laminitis Barbara Baer Capitman, was published by E.P. Dutton. A June 1, 1988 The City Commission adopted Ordinance No. 88-2616 puting the Architectural District under Design Review legal power. A April 5, 1989 The City Commission adopted Ordinance No. 89-2637 denominating the Venetian Causeway ( 1926 ) a Historic Preservation Site. A September 7 A ; 21, 1989 The City Commission nominated the Flamingo and Museum vicinities for Historic Preservation Districts appellation. The Museum country was nominated as a local historic territory or aggregation of historic sites depending on the findings of the Historic Preservation Board. A March 30, 1990 Barbara Baer Captiman dies of congestive bosom failure. An protagonism plan efforts to act upon public policy and public actions in a way consistent with a group s mission. MDPL s protagonism plan is guided by its advocators purpose to move systematically with MDPL s mission statement: A Miami Design Preservation League ( MDPL ) is a non-profit organisation devoted to continuing, protecting, and advancing the cultural, societal, economic, environmental and architectural unity of the Miami Beach Architectural Historic District and all other countries of the City of Miami Beach where historic saving is a concern. A The MDPL Advocacy Committee suggests these precedences for MDPL protagonism activities: Preserve and protect the historical and architectural unity of the Miami Beach Architectural District, both of its single edifices and of the territory as a whole ; Support the historic saving procedure put in topographic point by the City of Miami Beach and the City s enforcement of the results of that procedure in any country where historic saving is a concern. Propose and support alterations in the City s historic saving procedure and land usage policies when necessary to transport out and carry through the mission statement ; Propose and support alterations in Florida and national policy when necessary to transport out and carry through the mission statement ; Preserve and protect historical, architectural, and environmental resources in other countries of Miami Beach, particularly when designated as local historic territories by the City of Miami Beach, but including any country where historic saving is a concern. Act to back up occupants and belongings proprietors, in current and possible historic territories, when citizens act to continue, protect and advance the historic, architectural, cultural, societal, economic, and environmental unity of any country where historic saving is a concern. Miami Beach s edifice roar came during the 2nd stage of Art Deco known as Streamline Moderne, which began with the stock market clang and ended in most instances with the eruption of World War II. It was less decorative-a more sober contemplation of the Great Depression. It relied more on machine-inspired signifiers, and American thoughts in industrial design. It was buttressed by the belief that times would acquire better and was infused with the optimistic futurism extolled at America s Worlds Fairs of the 1930s. Stripped Authoritative or Depression Moderne was a sub-style frequently used for governmental edifices, the U.S. Post Office being the best illustration in Miami Beach. Miami Beach designers used local imagination to make what we now call Tropical Deco. These edifices feature relief ornamentation having capricious vegetations, zoologies and ocean-liner motives to reenforce the image of Miami Beach as a seaboard resort. Art Deco What to look for Over-all symmetricalness, ziggurat ( stepped ) rooflines, glass block, cosmetic sculptural panels, superciliums, unit of ammunition porthole Windowss, terrazzo floors, curved borders and corners, elements in groups of three, neon lighting ( used in both outsides every bit good as interior infinites ) . However, there truly are three overriding architectural manners found in the Art Deco District: When our circuit usher revealed yesterday that the individual most responsible for salvaging Miami Beach Art Deco edifices from the bust uping ball of capitalist advancement was a Communist Jew from New York, my first reaction was surprise and delectation. But after a minute it sunk in that this was merely what I might hold suspected. When it comes to looking after the long-run involvements of society, whether it is cultural heritage or clime alteration, you have to lift above the net income motivation and who better to presume this function than the Red. In 1948 the 28 twelvemonth old Barbara Capitman met her future hubby Will at a May Day party sponsored by the Young Communist League in N.Y. She was the lone kid of a sweater-importing male parent and a female parent who was a sculpturer and painter. When Will graduated from NYU jurisprudence school in 1951, he was blocked from go throughing the saloon because of his YCL yesteryear. So alternatively he made a life instruction concern and selling at Harvard and Yale. In 1973 he got a term of office path place at the Florida International University concern school and the two moved to Coconut Grove, Miami s version of Greenwich Village. Two old ages subsequently he died from pancreatic malignant neoplastic disease and Barbara was on her ain. After traveling to Miami Beach, Barbara ran into Leonard Horowitz, a doorkeeper at a luxury condo who was homosexual and an aspirant artist/designer. They became close friends after meeting and shortly discovered a shared committedness to the saving of Art Deco edifices. The two formed a commission to salvage the old edifices now falling into disrepair that relied to a great extent on contributions from cheery people and senior citizens. Within 3 old ages, they managed to hold over half of South Beach s Art Deco hotels covered by landmark saving Torahs. Leonard Horowitz died of AIDS in 1988. The hotel we are remaining at is between 10th and 11th streets on Ocean Drive and 11th street has been renamed Leonard Horowitz Drive. Barbara Capitman died two old ages subsequently. The NY Times obit noted: In 1976 she helped to establish the Miami Design Preservation League, which in 1979 won Federal historic appellation for the South Beach territory of Miami Beach. Her vocal, irregular mode subsequently led to her ejector from the group. She would force and foment and do problem until people would nt talk to her, said Michael Kinerk, president of the Art Deco Weekend festival. She was interested in consequences, non societal sensitivenesss. I would state that no societal alteration takes topographic point without people who are vocal and irregular . The fact that she was interested in consequences instead than societal sensitivenesss should non be lost on those collectivists who are loath to take on the position quo. In the April 27 1982 Village Voice, Alexander Cockburn hailed Capitman as a true heroine. He quoted her on the Art Deco territory: At dark when the full Moon is overhead, the residential streets of the Art Deco territory return on that stagey, grave simpleness of another epoch. Moonlight and neon articulate the chevrons and circles of the little flats on Euclid or Jefferson and the rocking thenars cast shadows on the curving walls. This is the dark universe that Thomas Wolfe wrote of in the 1930s-the decennary of our territory s revival-nights filled with the far-hooting of trains, the nearer sounding of great vass traveling into port, the cryptic rustling of treesaˆÂ ¦ Cockburn noted that Capitman was non able to support all of Miami Beach from the assault of existent estate developers. The South Beach country remains unsullied but the center and northern parts of the island have succumbed to the forces Cockburn describes as follows: The forces of darkness gathered their nervus, and eventually, in 1981 tore off their beards and pounced. Anyone who wants to see what might go on to the Deco Square Mile need merely peek North of 23rd Street, where architectural brutality is on the violent disorder and the condomaniac, behemothic tide Marches down via the Fountainbleau and other guideposts of Babylon. Cockburn concludes his article by stating that if the existent estate developers had their manner, the northern sector of South Beach would yield and the consequence would be tantamount to the lasting submergence of significant parts of Venice. Ironically, Art Deco was an effort to use the aesthetic of Russian Constructivism and Italian Futurism to architecture. These art motions were in themselves attempts to come close the signifiers of machinery to ticket art in the spirit of a modernisation stripped of nostalgia for the yesteryear. The merchandises of that age now are threatened by the relentless March of capitalist modernisation which will ensue in the grading of all that is beautiful and its replacing by shopping promenades and Walmarts. It is to the recognition of people like Barbara Capitman, person who presumptively would hold read the Communist Manifesto at some point in her life and who would hold absorbed Marx s dyspneic evocation of the middle class s most radical function , to pull a line in the sand and state this middle class to acquire fucked. Anyone who knew the late Barbara Capitman was bowled over by her deathless devotedness to Art Deco Miami Beach. A laminitis of the Miami Design Preservation League, Capitman led the conflict to hold a big swatch of the Beach listed as an historic territory in the National Register of Historic Places the first such territory made up of 20th-century edifices. This book is her memorial. Tropical Deco: the Architecture and Design of Old Miami Beach, by Laura Cerwinske, David Kaminsky ( Photographer ) . ( Rizzoli, 1982. ) Barbara Baer Capitman, born in 1920, founded the Miami Design Preservation League ( MDPL ) which started the Miami Beach Art Deco saving motion. She led in the formation of the Miami Beach Architectural Historic District, the state s lone Art Deco territory to be listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Her attempts to protect Art Deco architecture led to the initiation of Art Deco societies in San Francisco, Chicago, Washington, D.C. , Boston and New York. Capitman was besides the laminitis of the World Congress on Art Deco. She was the writer of three books: American Trademarks, Deco Delights and Rediscovering Art Deco U.S.A. In 1993 The Miami Herald named her one of the 100 most of import people in the history of South Florida. Barbara Baer Capitman died in 1990. Her Great Floridian plaque is located at the Cardozo Hotel, 1300 Ocean Drive, Miami Beach. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.flheritage.com/services/sites/floridians/ ? section=m

Metaanalysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Metaanalysis - Essay Example From the discussion it is clear that  Meta-analysis is the quantitative section of a systematic review. It is the end result of combining the statistical results of multiple studies in order to get a weighted average effect of the intervention under consideration. The studies that provide more information will give more weight, the larger the sample size the more weight it will provide. Usually, the average effect across trials is reported as an overall summary point estimate and an estimate of its precision as reflected in the width of the confidence interval.  As the essay highlights  a well-conducted systematic review and Meta-analysis can help us keep up-to-date. High-quality systematic review can define the boundaries of what is known and what is not known and helps us not to omit what has already been proven. Medical practitioners are therefore aided in determining solutions for specific clinical hurdles through analysis of inconsistencies among diverse pieces of research evidence. This is done by summarizing existing data, refining hypotheses, estimating sample size and providing a definition for future research agendas. Without them, researchers risk missing and therefore omitting promising leads in their quest for problem solution or they may incur redundancy through embarking on studies of questions that have been already answered.  Meta-analysis utilizes the quantitative combination of outcomes from several undertaken studies to create more precise, powerful and convincing conclusions.

Care Plan for Dual Diagnosis to Mental Health Patients Essay

Care Plan for Dual Diagnosis to Mental Health Patients - Essay Example It gives pressure to the life and health of the individual that leads to stress. Stress then causes imbalance in the body and weakens it eventually leaving him vulnerable to diseases. In response to the diseases and negative health conditions, healthcare is provided by the medical professionals like doctors, nurses, laboratory technicians and hospital staffs (Buchhols and Henke 2008, p. 364). They ensure that the health condition of the patient is treated and monitored. Probably various tests are required to identify the infection or imbalances in the body so the doctors can prescribe medicines and administer some treatments to the patient. Doctors are then assisted by nurses especially in carrying out some tasks like blood pressure check, injection, breathing of patient and many more (Zaman, 2005, p. 143). In making the rendered healthcare services easier, care plans are created for the healthcare professionals like nurses. It allows an organized and easy-to-follow procedure for a f aster and more effective healthcare assistance given by nurses to their patients (Kongstvedt 2007, p. 19). Care plan is then part of the so-called nursing process. Nursing process is known to be the foundation of the nursing practice as it is the systematic way of making personalized care that considers the individual needs of the patients (Sam 2007, p. 1). It compensates for the downside of healthcare standards as standards only consider the general characteristics of diseases and the conditions of patients. With the nursing process, care for the patients is faster and organized as solutions to the health problems are administered. The nursing process then started in the 1950s as Lydia Hall coined the term as she related it to the standard procedure in providing health assistance by nurses (Bomar 2004, p. 257). The process then serves as the foundation to cater the specific health needs through efficient ways of deciding, solving and administering the care. The process then starts when a patient seeks the care of the nurse until the patient receives the desired care and result (Sam 2007, p. 1). NANDA or the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association determines the communication needs of the nurses among them (Herdman 2008, p. 228). The same group also clarifies the difference between the medical diagnosis and nursing diagnosis. The former focuses on the changes in disease while the later centers on the patient. Since the nursing process provides the foundation for the healthcare rendered by nurses, it contains six main stages summarized as ADOPIE which means Assess, Diagnose, Outcome, Plan, Implement, and Evaluate (Ralph and Taylor 2005, p. 2). Assess or assessment is the primary stage wherein the nurse check the patient holistically as the overall condition of the patient must be identified (Timby 2008, p. 17). A way of assessing the patient is done using a nursing model. The value of the first stage is to know the health problems or diseases of the patien t which may be an existing or a probable occurrence of a disease (Hatfield 2007, p. 18). It is then done to create a startup for the other stages in the nursing process to occur. Standardized and widely-recognized tools for assessment must be used to properly identify the specific needs of the patient. The data is then collected using the health background and history, interview and physical check-up (Ralph and Taylor 2005, p. 2). The second stage is the diagnostic stage wherein the data gathered from assessment are

Leader and organizational behavior Research Paper

Leader and organizational behavior - Research Paper Example I maintain that I am the ideal candidate for this job because I am sufficiently educated and possess the adequate qualities that would help me greatly in filling this position. A typical Vice President of Operations of a company as large and progressive as yours would be entitled to be a committed worker. I understand that the duties include creating and upholding the vision and overall direction of the company, and supervising and evaluating the work of other top position-holders, such as department directors, operations managers. Moreover, a Vice President would play a crucial role in the approval and laying out of the day-to-day operations of the company, aiding and assisting subordinates should the need arise while identifying potential areas of improvement. In addition, at times, a Vice President could be required to coordinate with the directors of different departments. Lastly, a Vice President would, of course, be required to analyze a company’s overall performance by reviewing financial statements, customer feedback and sales and activity reports. In general, a good Vice President of Operations would have to be sharp and in control of the operations at hand while maintaining a cohesive work environment to maximize productivity and eliminate internal conflicts. If I were to be awarded this position, I would be fully committed to being hard working and dedicated to the company and, in particular, to my job. In my experience, I have learnt that I work best in demanding conditions by being organized from the get-go and assigning myself goals and aims from the beginning of the project (Smith, 1992). I have found that goal setting helps me greatly because it allows me a sense of focus as opposed to being distracted by unnecessary objectives that should not be given precedence. Simply put, lacking a goal could disperse my attention over all the possible, yet needless, objectives in a certain circumstance. Moreover, because it has been found that the mo re challenging the goal, the greater the motivation to achieve it, I believe my work quality would improve dramatically as I would be more inclined and persistent to work harder. Furthermore, setting goals would help me in using my time more productively by allocating it to the pressing tasks at hand (Wilson, 2008). In addition, I would be using my resources most efficiently (with the least waste) to productively aid the company. I believe setting goals helps in personal growth, all the while motivating you to work harder and more diligently to strive for what you set out to achieve. Setting targets for myself would show me clearly the vision I aim to uphold and would push me harder and harder until I successfully achieve it. For someone in a position as demanding as that of Vice President, some direction is necessary. I feel that setting goals such as being prompt with my work, or being thorough in my reports would better motivate me into becoming a good Vice President for the comp any and would give me a sense of confidence once these goals are realized. In the past, I have worked for various companies and have had to deal with demanding circumstances such as rushed deadlines, miscommunications in the chain-of-command, and conflicting behavior of coworkers and lack of

Asthma Is A Chronic Inflammatory Disorder Biology Essay

Asthma Is A Chronic Inflammatory Disorder Biology Essay Introduction Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the bronchial tubes that causes constriction and inflammation of the airways. This results in narrowing of the airways. Airways narrowing in asthma is caused by three major processes that act on bronchi. These are: inflammation, bronchospasm and hyperreactivity. As a result, symptoms of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath occur. (Womenfitness, 2004) This essay will aim to discuss the pathophysiology, epidemiology, aetiology and the various causes of asthma. Furthermore, it will compare recent prevalence rates and patterns that have arisen in recent years. It will also concentrate on the effects of asthma on children and exercise, and the long term effects this may have on lung function. Finally, it will present the hygiene hypothesis that has drawn great attention and speculation over recent years. C:UsersuserPicturesasthma2.jpg Figure 1 adopted from asthma.about.com//def_hyperresponsiveness.htm Phathopysiology: Asthma is known to be an inflammatory disease which is characterised by airway inflammation, airflow obstruction and bronchial hyperresponsivness.The mechanism of airway inflammation in asthma maybe acute, sub acute or chronic. Inflammation is the most important factor that causes narrowing of the bronchial tubes. It increases the thickness of the wall of the bronchial tubes and produces excess mucous that forms plugs and clogs the small airways resulting in a smaller passageway for air to flow through. In irregular air flow obstruction and bronchial airway reactivity, oedema and mucus secretion also contribute to further narrowing of the airways. Thus resulting in difficulty breathing. When asthmatic patients are exposed to triggers such as allergens, irritant and infections, the inflamed or constricted airways becomes more sensitive or reactive to those triggers leading to increase narrowing and inflammation of the airways. As a result an asthmatic person has to make a greater effo rt during expiration and inspiration. (Szeftel and Shiffman, 2009). Asthma is characterized by an increased number of mast cells, eosinophils, macrophages, activated T lymphocytes, dendritic cells and neutrophils in the bronchial tissues. During an asthma attack, antigen presenting cells e.g. (macrophages or dendritic cells) in the airways capture and process the inhaled allergen to T-lymphocytes which in turn becomes activated. Once T-lymphocyte becomes activated it produces TH1 cells and TH2 cells both secreting cytokines respectively. TH1 release (INF, lymphotoxin, IL-2) .TH2 release (IL-3, IL-4, IL-9, IL-13, IL-15).TH2cells (CD4 T-lymphocytes) has an important role in allergic response. Allergens drives the cytokine pattern towards TH2cells which in turn promotes B cells to produce immunoglobin E (IgE) and eosinophil recruitment .Then IgE binds to high affinity receptor for IgE, Fc-epsilon-R1 on the surface of mast cells and basophils. This leads to degranulation of the cells and the release of mediators such as histamine, leukotrienes and other enzymes. The production of histamine and leukotrienes result in bronchial hyperresponsivness and air way obstruction causing the symptoms of asthma. (Morris, 2009) Types of asthma: There are two main types of asthma: Extrinsic or allergy asthma: This type is more common and is responsible for 90%of all cases. It develops in children and is associated with features of atopy such as rhinitis or eczema. (Szeftel and Shiffman, 2009) Intrinsic asthma: This type is less common and presents for only 10%of all cases. It is more commonly found in women after the age of 30 and is typically not associated with allergies. (ibid 2009) Epidemiology 5.4million people in UK are currently receiving treatment for asthma. 1.1million children in UK are currently receiving treatment for asthma. There is a person with asthma in one in five household in the UK. (Asthma Uk,2008) The incidence of asthma has increased dramatically over the past 20 years. This is not due to the changes in our genetic makeup, however, due to environmental factors (allergens, infection, life style and diet) that influence on the development of asthma. The prevalence of asthma in Wales is amongst the highest in the world. With 260,000 people currently living with the condition and the rate of hospitalization for adults is 28%, it exceeds all other regions in the UK. (Asthma UK, 2009) Mortality and morbidity Asthma affects 5-10% of the population in United States or an estimated 22 million persons, including 6 million children. Asthma is common in industrial countries such as Canada, England, Australia, Germany and New Zealand. The prevalence rate of severe asthma in those countries ranges from 2-10% and is estimated to affect 300million people world wide. There are about 5000 deaths per year in U.S.and about 500 deaths per year in Canada. (Kelly, 2009) C:UsersuserPicturesasthm prevelance.gif Figure3: shows the high percentage of the population affected with asthma was reported in USA, Canada, UK, Australia and NewZeland (>10%). The lowest prevalence were reported in China and India (

Two Languages and Two Cultures Essay -- immigration, China, Two Kinds,

Two Languages and Two Cultures United States was built on immigrants and some of the immigrants were pushed from their homeland because of some reasons while other reasons such as America dream pulled them to the United States. Most of these immigrants came from China in 1949, when the communist party took over. These immigrants came with their cultures and languages which are significant in everyone's lives because they play a major role in the development of individual’s characteristics. Many observers believe that these cultures and languages lead to conflict between immigrant parents and their American-born children. This is certainly the case. Interestingly enough, while history and culture contribute to the American way of life, they also create disagreements between the immigrant’s culture and American culture. Perhaps this is why Amy Tan's story, â€Å"Two Kinds,† explores the conflicts and confusions of relationships in the Chinese immigrant communities through the effects of Chinese immigrant’s ethnic heritage, child performance during this time of American culture and, communication divide during this period. First, Amy Tan successfully demonstrate how Chinese immigrant’s ethnic heritage contributed to the conflicts and confusions of relationships in the Chinese immigrant communities during that era. Back in China, the Chinese culture during the narrator's mother's era encouraged social stratification and as such no one can move out of their respective social class. Consequently, this way of thinking remained part of the narrator's mother's life when she arrived into the United States. For example in the story, the narrator's mother believed that she could be anything in America. Consequently, she wanted her daug... ...cessive control is not a forced decision. With the adequate public information and dedication, parents can guide their children to become productive citizens. When a parent confront an obstinate child, all it takes is for her not to take it personally. Works Cited Bloom, H. (Ed.). (2001). Amy Tan. Philadelphia: Chelsea House. Huntley, E.D. (1998). Amy Tan: A Critical Companion. Wesport, CT: Greenwood Press. Jottedlines.com. Literature, Critical Analysis of â€Å"Two Kinds.† February 7, 2013. Kazdin, Alan E., Phd. Encyclopedia of Psychology, Volume 8, March 2000. Tan, Amy. â€Å"Two Kinds.† Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. 8th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, 2013. 687-695. print. Nelson, E . S. (Ed.). (2000). Asian Amerincan Novelists: A Bio-Bibliographical Critical Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.

A country boy Essay

Not just my family members and I, every Cambodian citizen is the victim of genocide, the act which took the lives of around two million Cambodian citizens. One can say that this is the curse that all Cambodians were to experience while the others might say that it is our sin or karma. The war ended, and my family had to start from the scratch all over again. I did not really know how hard my grandparents had to go through to raise four children, but I experienced growing up living in a one-storey flat which was the shelter of at least ten family members. Unlike the other kids, I rarely saw my parents since my father had to work far away from home, and my mother was still pursuing her Bachelor Degree in Biology. I spent most of my childhood with my grandparents. My grandmother would always tie me behind her back to the hospital where she is still working as a retired doctor while my grandfather is a retired administrative staff of the same hospital, and was a former Lon Nol’s air force. I can still remember how I envied some of my childhood friends whom I called â€Å"Rich Kids†. During my very first day at school, my classmates were showing off their new bags, yet I only had a black plastic bag to store my books and pencils. The other kids were mocking that I did not even have a bag to carry my books to school. I was a quiet kid, and I chose to remain silent. I came back home, and told my grandmother that I wanted a bag. It took her around a week or two to buy me a yellow used bag which cost around 1000 Riels or less. Though it was a used bag, I hugged my bag with joy. I was a kid from the province, and I did not have a chance to go to expensive language schools like some other kids. Due to financial constraint, my parents had to send me to the language schools nearby. I never did well in English class. I was the worst student in my English class. Luckily, my parents were better-off, and they sent me to an international school. It is the place that changed my life. From a language student who never did well in class, I have now become a teacher of English. From a student who copied the whole reading text to submit to the teacher as a writing assignment, and got zero for plagiarizing, I have now won four national writing awards. Again, March and April this year have marked another turning point of the life of this country kid. I was slapping my face to see whether it was a dream or reality. I used to be rejected by the 26th ranking university in Asia, yet I got admitted and have been given a full scholarship to do a Master Degree at the second- best university in Asia which is one among the top universities in the world, and at the same time, I was also among the citizens of five Southeast Asian nations to be offered a full scholarship to pursue a Master Degree at one of the wealthiest universities in Europe. I failed once or twice, and it does not mean that I would always fail. I believe that life is full of possibilities. Life tests us to see how patient and how determined we are. Life does not kill us, but it teaches us. With hope and commitment, I believe that a person can make positive change to his or herself and to the society. â€Å"I like the night. Without the dark, we’d never see the stars.† ― Stephenie Meyer, Twilight

How to Survive an Ied

Paper – Process Analysis Rough Draft Discussion: Writer’s Workshop – Process Analysis Rough Draft– This topic is designed to assist you with your writing and editing skills. When you have completed your rough draft of the Process Analysis paper, post it here. Then, review another student posting and offer advice on how he or she can improve his or her paragraph. For example, you may note that the author of the paragraph has failed to support his or her topic sentence fully. Give that person advice on how he or she can add details that will make the paragraph more compelling.Or, you may wish to practice your grammar and punctuation skills on your fellow students by reviewing a paragraph or two for errors. Paper: Process Analysis – This paper is due week eight This week you will expand from paragraph to essay. Because this is a longer paper, please use this week and next for writing and revising. Please make sure to place your final draft in the appro priate Dropbox prior to the end of class in week eight. Please take the time to review the assigned chapters for detailed guidance on essay construction. Review the following websites for more information on essay construction: lt;! –[if ! supportLists]–>? <! –[endif]–>Sheey, Geoff. â€Å"5 Paragraph Essay Construction. †Ã‚   SlideShare. http://www. slideshare. net/sheehy/5-paragraph-essay-construction <! –[if ! supportLists]–>? <! –[endif]–>â€Å"The Five Paragraph Essay. †Ã‚   Guide to Grammar and Writing. Capital Community College Foundation. http://grammar. ccc. commnet. edu/GRAMMAR/five_par. htm 1. Using the methods you read about in Chapters 16, 17, 26 and 30, write a 500 word essay based on one of the Activities found in Chapter 21 pages 422 – 425.For example, you may choose to write a paper about â€Å"How to Accomplish a Daily Task† or â€Å"How to Write a School Assign ment. †Ã‚   However, any of the topics listed within the pages are fine. You may decide which topic best suits you. 2. Length:   500 words – see page 471 for a Step-by-Step approach to writing a paper in the Process Analysis style. 3. Make sure your paper format includes the following: * Lines – Double spaced * Name Box – at top left corner * Page Numbers * Title 4. Above your paper, I want to see a short outline as describe on page 11 in Chapter 1.4. * Conclusion 5. Make sure your paper has a TITLE – see the MLA section in your grammar handbook for step-by-step instructions. You may seek help on MLA by visiting the Columbia College writing website at http://www. ccis. edu/departments/WritingCenter/writing. html or Purdue’ Online Writing Lab http://owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resources/557/01/   6. Start your paper with an Introduction that grabs the reader’s attention. Remember that you only get one opportunity to make an impres sion. . Move on to the Thesis Statement. Remember that the Thesis lets the reader know what the overall paper will be about. For this paper, a thesis that states the nature of your idea and the two or three areas you plan to cover is a good idea. See the following websites for more information on thesis formation:* â€Å"Thesis Statements. †Ã‚   The Writing Center. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. http://www. unc. edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/thesis. html * Brunswold, Libby. â€Å"Thesis Statement. †Ã‚   Literacy Education Online. The Write Place. St. Cloud State University. 4 October 2003. http://leo. stcloudstate. edu/acadwrite/thesistatement. html 8. Your paper should have at least two Body Paragraphs that start with a Topic Sentence that includes only one idea aka a Controlling Idea. Remember that a topic sentence should focus on a single point you wish to convey to the reader. Remember that you support your topic sentence with detail. Review the assigned c hapters if you are having trouble discerning what a topic sentence is. 9. Support your Topic Sentence aka Controlling Idea with sentences that include personalized examples.These sentences come from the â€Å"supporting detail† sections within your outline. 10. Remember a paragraph moves from the general idea (Topic Sentence) to specific examples that support your overall thought. Review Chapters 16 and 17 if you are still struggling. Remember that you are illustrating your point for the reader. 11. Finally, don’t forget your Conclusion. Simply wrap up your idea by returning to the topic sentence and adding one or two other thoughts or summarizing your entire paper. 12. See a sample Process Analysis

Essay on Impact of GDP and Inflation on Unemployment

Essay on Impact of GDP and Inflation on Unemployment Essay on Impact of GDP and Inflation on Unemployment Essay on Impact of GDP and Inflation on UnemploymentThe study conducted by Umair and Ullah (2013) focuses on the revelation of the possible interdependence between the inflation and unemployment rate and their overall impact on the economic development of Pakistan. The authors suggest the hypothesis of the research which they attempt to prove in the course of their study, which is as follows (Umair Ullah, 2013):H1: Inflation significantly influences the GDP rate of the Pakistani economyH2: Inflation significantly influences the GDP rate of the Pakistani economy on the unemployment of Pakistan economy.Furthermore, the researchers present the research design of their study which shows how the researchers are planning to conduct their study and what methodology they will use in the course of their study. The milestone of the research is the experiential method which involves the data analysis based on the analysis of statistical information available to the researchers from open source s.   The researchers focus on the study of the development of the unemployment and inflation rate in 2000-2010. The decision of the researchers to study the change of the unemployment and inflation rate within a decade allows them to conduct the extensive study and the period studied by the researchers is sufficient for the study of economic performance in the mid-term perspective.At the same time, the ten years period is apparently in sufficient to obtain reliable financial and economic data because ten years period does not show changes and transformations that occur to the economy in a long-run. In fact, the ten years period can show the economic development and respective changes in the inflation and unemployment rate but these changes are typical for one cycle of the economic development characterized by the rise and fall of the economy.In this regard, the period chosen by the researchers is quite accurate because 2000 is the period, when the global economic have already star ted to grow after the profound financial crisis in South-East Asia in 1998. The ten years period marked the rise of the development of the global economy which peaked in the mid-2005 and the inflation and unemployment rate drawn by the researchers in the study prove the high level of the economic development in target countries involved in the study.At the same time, the researchers could study the steep decline of the global economy in 2007-2008, when the economic recession in the US has struck causing the profound global financial crisis. The researchers find out in their study how that crisis has influenced the inflation and unemployment rate or has been triggered by the growing inflation and unemployment.Furthermore, the researchers focus on the study of the inflation and unemployment rates and their changes in Pakistan only. Therefore, the researchers narrows the scope of their research to one country only that makes it difficult to trace how the inflation and unemployment rate could have influenced other countries in the time studied by the researchers.The experiential approach is quite efficient and based on the statistical information available to the researchers. In this regard, the use of the statistical information shows clearly changes that the researchers uncover in the course of the study.At the same time, the researchers do not provide the detailed description and analysis of limitations of their study and its methodology.To test the accuracy and reliability of their conclusions, the authors of the study use the null hypothesis. They try rejecting hypothesis made in the course of the study and eventually conclude that inflation does not have a significant impact but GDP and unemployment as the major macroeconomic factors that influence the economic development of the country that is being under the study, i.e. Pakistan.The researchers focused on the use of the inflation and unemployment rates as independent variables, involving related issues, s uch as the economic situation in global markets as dependent variables. In such a way, the researchers attempted to arrive to the reasonable conclusion on the accuracy of their findings and made their conclusion on the ground of the relevant information.On the other hand, it is still possible to distinguish certain limitations of the study, such as the limited timeline of the study and only one country involved in the study. The limited timeline of the study influences consistently outcomes of the study. At this point, it is worth mentioning that the average business or economic cycle takes seven – eleven years. This is why the study basically shows changes in the unemployment and inflation rate in the course of one economic cycle only. However, the researchers do not exactly show the evolution of the economic cycle from its beginning to the end because the beginning of the new economic cycle after the financial crisis in South East Asia dates back rather to 1999 than to 2000 and the economic cycle ends by 2008-2009, when the new global financial crisis has struck. Nevertheless, the timeline allows obtaining the basic information on the evolution of the unemployment and inflation rate during one economic cycle. However, the researchers underestimate or neglect the fact that there are long waves of the economic development which may take decades and smaller crisis that occur with different frequency of seven – eleven years at average. Therefore, the longer timeline of the study could help to obtain more accurate information. In addition, the authors could try to focus on the development of the correlation between different stages in the economic development of Pakistan within the economic cycle and the inflation and unemployment rate. In such a way, the researchers would provide the information on the correlation between the economic development in general, on the one hand, and the inflation and unemployment rate, on the other.Furthermore, the stu dy involves Pakistan only that is another limitation of the study because the involvement of different countries to obtain the information on the change and interdependence of inflation and unemployment rate could help the researchers to conduct more extensive study, especially taking into consideration the level of the integration of the global economy today.Thus, the study conducted by Umair and Ullah reveal the impact of the unemployment and inflation rate on each other and the overall economic development of Pakistan. The study involves the use of the experiential approach and is based on the statistical analysis, while findings and results of the study are tested with the help of the null hypothesis. However, the study still has some limitations, such as the relatively short timeline and only one country involved in the study.

Conflict Resolution Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Conflict Resolution - Term Paper Example Two or more parties are involved in a conflict. This world runs on dualities—pair of opposites as it is known from the philosophical point of view. In the parlance of modern management techniques, issues can be resolved by negotiations, across the table. The destructive element, the negative thinking that gives rise to conflicts can be dealt with constructively. The day to day life is full of conflicts. Some of the striking conflicts that have the bearing on the social and economic aspect of the life of individuals are trade union issues, protest of farmers against the forced acquisition of their agricultural lands for construction of shopping centers, nations engaged in disputes related to boundaries etc. The enlightened ones rely on an appropriate mechanism to deal with such conflicts constructively with an open mind, without further aggravating the contentious points involved in the conflict. The popular saying goes, ‘Where there is a will, there is a say.’ A d ynamic approach to solve the conflict averts destructive situations The purpose of this paper is to understand the root cause of the conflicts and how conflict resolution is possible with a constructive approach and arrive at creative solutions, without leaving the trace of bitterness. This paper outlines theoretical and practical approaches of conflict resolution. The specific objective of this paper is to give comment on one current example in the field of conflict management, to draw some practical conceptual conclusions relating to this conflict with particular reference to capacity building initiatives, integration of responses to contemporary conflict, the links between civil society building and conflict management, importance of non-official agencies in conflict resolution, post-conflict reconstruction, sharing of concern by parties that are not directly related to the conflict, and democratization of conflict

Home work 4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Home work 4 - Assignment Example considering the enterprise as a whole (2) deciding which jobs to analyze; (3) collecting information; (4) recording them; and, (5) to be analyzed and interpreted according to the needs of the company (p. 29). Today, many software programs are now being designed to carry out this basic yet complicated task of maximizing the human resources of a business organization. Descriptions Now is one of these software programs that help HR managers and supervisors in making certain that the people being hired possess the abilities to perform the tasks and duties that come with the positions they are hired for. Published by the SofoText Incorporated, the software, which offers a 14-day free trial for potential subscribers, provide blank forms and standardized questionnaires which enable those who do the job analysis to determine what a position specifically needs from those who will be assigned to it. The forms describe: the general purpose of the job; the essential duties and responsibilities; the competencies needed, the qualifications, education and experience requirements; the language, computer and mathematical skills; the persons reasoning ability; his or her certificates, licenses, and registrations; what the physical demands of the jobs are and the work environment with which the person shall work (â€Å"Descriptions Now,† n.d.). It also provides features that will enable one to check and update the software library of job descriptions and others which may be acquired through the Internet as well as storage for previously made reports. Other links are also maintained to connect subscribers with sites that supply these

Discrimination of Female Candidates bu Police Departments Assignment

Discrimination of Female Candidates bu Police Departments - Assignment Example I believe this is clearly not an accurate analysis. The role of a police officer can never change. It can expand though, which is more likely to be the scenario now. Conflict resolution, communication skills, and problem-solving abilities have become more critical and hence, it is crucial to assess the candidate’s abilities in these areas. But that certainly does not mean physical confrontation is no longer a part of the job of a police officer of today. Hence, using physical standards to judge a candidate’s abilities will always remain in practice, regardless of how people feel about it. It is true that on the first attempt, most female candidates tend to fail these physical standards at a much higher rate than men. According to the U.S. Justice Department, their rates were 80 percent lower than their male counterparts between 2005 and 2011. Hence, obviously, these kinds of tests tend to reduce the number of eligible females at a higher rate than males. The LAPD, which works to increase women representation in all areas, argues that physical standards such as bench-pressing and the ‘wall’ are pretty useless and discriminatory when it comes to the practice field, so such tests should be removed from the induction exams, so they can easily achieve the desired 43 percent female hiring goal. Law enforcement agencies, however, argue that their fitness criteria are made according to the standards of the job requirement, and not of those of any male or female. This is actually understandable since an agency would want never want to hire an unfit candidate. It is also true that the rate at which females pass the remediation test is nearly equal to that of the male candidates.     

Traditional Chinese History Essay Example for Free

Traditional Chinese History Essay Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is not a secret that the Chinese written language is one of the most ancient languages on the Earth planet. In fact, hieroglyphs are considered to be the most significant part of the traditional Chinese history and the most important signs of the Chinese civilization.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In general, the Chinese language includes about 50 thousands of hieroglyphs, but only  Ã‚  Ã‚   5-8 thousands are practically used and as it is known about 3-4 thousands of hieroglyphs are enough for reading the modern literature.   Also, it continues to unite many ethnic groups. But, why? It is a very interesting question †¦ Traditional Chinese History   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Chinese written language is suggested to be an amazing phenomenon among the modern writing systems. It is important to know that other hieroglyphic languages, which took place in the Near East, South Asia, China, Central America disappeared long time ago and became just the objects of the ancient history. As to the Chinese written language, it managed to adapt to all changing conditions during the long development process of Chinese civilization and to become the most reasonable tool for writing in China in the end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to the archeological data, early history of the Chinese written language began from the inscriptions on the ceramic vessels of the Neolithic period of time. It should be pointed out that all inscriptions were elementary by their forms. It was obvious that the forms of inscriptions were changed depending on various Neolithic cultures of that time. At the same time, some simple signs, revealed on the vessels, were total for several cultures (Origins of Chinese writing, 2006, p.1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In fact, the historians consider these inscriptions as the ancient signs of the Chinese written language. The differences, which were demonstrated in graphical forms of signs, in some degree, could mean that each Neolithic culture had its own written language.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The point is that, the special conditions (both graphical and technical) are required for creating the written language. For instance, the material on which various signs were cut had to have the special surface, which could correspond to the possibilities of the tool chosen for writing. In China, like in the other civilization centers the first writing tool was some sharpened object, which could be used for cutting thin lines and therefore, the material had to possess soft surface.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Coming back to the history we can see that ceramic industry was very popular in China. So, Chinese craftsmen knew various ways of covering ornament and other images on the raw and burnt materials. That’s why both crude and burnt clay were regarded to be the most available material chosen for writing (p.1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It should be emphasized that the uncommonness of the Chinese written language continues to attract the attention of many specialists and amateurs. There is even the special literature, which describes this uncommonness in detail, but the scientific studying of its history began only at the end of the 19-th century after some ancient evidences of the Chinese written language were found. The discovery of the oracle bones took place in China in1899, when a scholar from Peking was prescribed the special remedy, which had to contain so-called dragon bones for his illness: the fact is that dragon bones were widely used in Chinese medicine at that time and usually referred to fossils of dead animals. The scholar also managed to notice several very interesting carvings that looked like some kind of writing language on the bones he acquired from the local pharmacy (p.1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   People often have the impression that Chinese characters are extremely difficult to learn. In fact, if you were to attempt to learn how to write Chinese characters, you would find that they are not nearly as difficult as you may have imagined. And they certainly qualify as forming one of the most fascinating, beautiful, logical, and scientifically constructed writing systems in the world (Chinese written language, 2006, p.1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Comparing with alphabetic language, hieroglyphic language has more difficult graphical structure of its symbols and includes several thousand signs. For example, the latest Chinese language includes about 50 thousand signs. No other famous hieroglyphic language had such a great number. This example demonstrates how many symbols hieroglyphic language can contain during a long period of time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main feature of phonemic and syllabic written languages shows that the linguistic units themselves don’t have the certain meaning. In fact, hieroglyphic writing demonstrates such important linguistic units as words and morphemes. In other words, it transmits the content plan of the certain linguistic units. It is clear that alphabetic writing is intended for some special state of one language. In other words, it can’t be used by another language without some special changes. So that, the main feature of hieroglyphic writing is universality. As we can see, this splendid feature allowed the modern Chinese written language to unite many ethnic groups in a single whole (p.1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Theoretically, hieroglyphs can be used for writing by other languages. The history of the Chinese written language and a huge experience of applying hieroglyphs by Vietnamese and some Thai languages can prove the given fact. As the experience of applying the Chinese hieroglyphs by the Japanese and Korean languages showed – the successful usage of hieroglyphs for agglutinant languages can be very successful and effective if the alphabetic writing is used at the same time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is also another advantage of the Chinese written language – each symbol is independent on its reading. The fact is that each symbol of hieroglyphic writing can be read differently depending on the number of languages, which are usually used by the given writing. So that, we can say the Chinese hieroglyphs have not only one meaning, in fact, it can be also read and understood by such languages as Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese. It should be also said that each hieroglyph has both the â€Å"national† meanings and many dialectical. At the same time, in the South China one hieroglyph can have two completely different meanings – spoken and literary. As usual, the second meaning is widely used for reading written texts and pronouncing the scientific and cultural terms (Origins of Chinese writing, 2006, p.1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The independence from the real pronunciation of linguistic units allows hieroglyphic writing also to have some so-called â€Å"timeless† properties. It means that if a reader knows the grammatical structure of the language, so the text of hieroglyphic writing can be completely understood despite the date it was written and its symbols can be read by the help of any convenient way.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is known, that today, the ancient hieroglyphic texts can be differently understood by the help of the national reading of hieroglyphs, any dialectic readings, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese readings despite the fact they could have another meaning at the moment of their creation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   All these properties of the Chinese hieroglyphic writing played a very important role in the development of the Chinese national culture and history and allowed the Chinese written language to live so long in spite of all difficulties it had to face. In addition, due to its originality this language managed to become one of the most wide-spread languages among the people all over the World.   Ã‚   Taking into consideration all these historical data we can come to the following conclusion – the Chinese written language is considered to be a unique phenomenon among the other written languages, which also took place in the World history. So, it is unique hieroglyphic language which is very interesting for studying. Chinese is the only major writing system of the world that continued its pictograph-based development without interruption, and that is still in general modern use (Chinese written   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  language, 2006, p.1).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Coming back to the history of the Chinese written language we can emphasize that the given hieroglyphic writing has managed to go through several stages of its development. Having made a great deal of attempts to change it reformers manage to make the Chinese written language more available for people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Nevertheless, the main principles and feature of the modern Chinese writing continue to be unchanged during several thousand years. So, that’s why in order to understand the Chinese culture, the traditional Chinese history, the Chinese civilization and if it is possible the Chinese traditional ideology – both the Chinese written language and its history should be studied in detail. References Chinese written language. Retrieved August 10,   2006, from www.chinatownconnection.com/chinese_written_language.htm Origins of Chinese writing. Retrieved August 10,   2006, from http://www.logoi.com/notes/chinese_origins.html