Thursday, October 31, 2019
Discrimination of Female Candidates bu Police Departments Assignment
Discrimination of Female Candidates bu Police Departments - Assignment Example I believe this is clearly not an accurate analysis. The role of a police officer can never change. It can expand though, which is more likely to be the scenario now. Conflict resolution, communication skills, and problem-solving abilities have become more critical and hence, it is crucial to assess the candidate’s abilities in these areas. But that certainly does not mean physical confrontation is no longer a part of the job of a police officer of today. Hence, using physical standards to judge a candidate’s abilities will always remain in practice, regardless of how people feel about it. It is true that on the first attempt, most female candidates tend to fail these physical standards at a much higher rate than men. According to the U.S. Justice Department, their rates were 80 percent lower than their male counterparts between 2005 and 2011. Hence, obviously, these kinds of tests tend to reduce the number of eligible females at a higher rate than males. The LAPD, which works to increase women representation in all areas, argues that physical standards such as bench-pressing and the ‘wall’ are pretty useless and discriminatory when it comes to the practice field, so such tests should be removed from the induction exams, so they can easily achieve the desired 43 percent female hiring goal. Law enforcement agencies, however, argue that their fitness criteria are made according to the standards of the job requirement, and not of those of any male or female. This is actually understandable since an agency would want never want to hire an unfit candidate. It is also true that the rate at which females pass the remediation test is nearly equal to that of the male candidates. Â
Tuesday, October 29, 2019
Traditional Chinese History Essay Example for Free
Traditional Chinese History Essay Abstract            It is not a secret that the Chinese written language is one of the most ancient languages on the Earth planet. In fact, hieroglyphs are considered to be the most significant part of the traditional Chinese history and the most important signs of the Chinese civilization.            In general, the Chinese language includes about 50 thousands of hieroglyphs, but only   5-8 thousands are practically used and as it is known about 3-4 thousands of hieroglyphs are enough for reading the modern literature.  Also, it continues to unite many ethnic groups. But, why? It is a very interesting question †¦ Traditional Chinese History            The Chinese written language is suggested to be an amazing phenomenon among the modern writing systems. It is important to know that other hieroglyphic languages, which took place in the Near East, South Asia, China, Central America disappeared long time ago and became just the objects of the ancient history. As to the Chinese written language, it managed to adapt to all changing conditions during the long development process of Chinese civilization and to become the most reasonable tool for writing in China in the end.            According to the archeological data, early history of the Chinese written language began from the inscriptions on the ceramic vessels of the Neolithic period of time. It should be pointed out that all inscriptions were elementary by their forms. It was obvious that the forms of inscriptions were changed depending on various Neolithic cultures of that time. At the same time, some simple signs, revealed on the vessels, were total for several cultures (Origins of Chinese writing, 2006, p.1).            In fact, the historians consider these inscriptions as the ancient signs of the Chinese written language. The differences, which were demonstrated in graphical forms of signs, in some degree, could mean that each Neolithic culture had its own written language.            The point is that, the special conditions (both graphical and technical) are required for creating the written language. For instance, the material on which various signs were cut had to have the special surface, which could correspond to the possibilities of the tool chosen for writing. In China, like in the other civilization centers the first writing tool was some sharpened object, which could be used for cutting thin lines and therefore, the material had to possess soft surface.                       Coming back to the history we can see that ceramic industry was very popular in China. So, Chinese craftsmen knew various ways of covering ornament and other images on the raw and burnt materials. That’s why both crude and burnt clay were regarded to be the most available material chosen for writing (p.1).            It should be emphasized that the uncommonness of the Chinese written language continues to attract the attention of many specialists and amateurs. There is even the special literature, which describes this uncommonness in detail, but the scientific studying of its history began only at the end of the 19-th century after some ancient evidences of the Chinese written language were found. The discovery of the oracle bones took place in China in1899, when a scholar from Peking was prescribed the special remedy, which had to contain so-called dragon bones for his illness: the fact is that dragon bones were widely used in Chinese medicine at that time and usually referred to fossils of dead animals. The scholar also managed to notice several very interesting carvings that looked like some kind of writing language on the bones he acquired from the local pharmacy (p.1).            People often have the impression that Chinese characters are extremely difficult to learn. In fact, if you were to attempt to learn how to write Chinese characters, you would find that they are not nearly as difficult as you may have imagined. And they certainly qualify as forming one of the most fascinating, beautiful, logical, and scientifically constructed writing systems in the world (Chinese written language, 2006, p.1).            Comparing with alphabetic language, hieroglyphic language has more difficult graphical structure of its symbols and includes several thousand signs. For example, the latest Chinese language includes about 50 thousand signs. No other famous hieroglyphic language had such a great number. This example demonstrates how many symbols hieroglyphic language can contain during a long period of time.            The main feature of phonemic and syllabic written languages shows that the linguistic units themselves don’t have the certain meaning. In fact, hieroglyphic writing demonstrates such important linguistic units as words and morphemes. In other words, it transmits the content plan of the certain linguistic units. It is clear that alphabetic writing is intended for some special state of one language. In other words, it can’t be used by another language without some special changes. So that, the main feature of hieroglyphic writing is universality. As we can see, this splendid feature allowed the modern Chinese written language to unite many ethnic groups in a single whole (p.1).            Theoretically, hieroglyphs can be used for writing by other languages. The history of the Chinese written language and a huge experience of applying hieroglyphs by Vietnamese and some Thai languages can prove the given fact. As the experience of applying the Chinese hieroglyphs by the Japanese and Korean languages showed – the successful usage of hieroglyphs for agglutinant languages can be very successful and effective if the alphabetic writing is used at the same time.            There is also another advantage of the Chinese written language – each symbol is independent on its reading. The fact is that each symbol of hieroglyphic writing can be read differently depending on the number of languages, which are usually used by the given writing. So that, we can say the Chinese hieroglyphs have not only one meaning, in fact, it can be also read and understood by such languages as Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese. It should be also said that each hieroglyph has both the â€Å"national†meanings and many dialectical. At the same time, in the South China one hieroglyph can have two completely different meanings – spoken and literary. As usual, the second meaning is widely used for reading written texts and pronouncing the scientific and cultural terms (Origins of Chinese writing, 2006, p.1).            The independence from the real pronunciation of linguistic units allows hieroglyphic writing also to have some so-called â€Å"timeless†properties. It means that if a reader knows the grammatical structure of the language, so the text of hieroglyphic writing can be completely understood despite the date it was written and its symbols can be read by the help of any convenient way.            It is known, that today, the ancient hieroglyphic texts can be differently understood by the help of the national reading of hieroglyphs, any dialectic readings, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese readings despite the fact they could have another meaning at the moment of their creation.            All these properties of the Chinese hieroglyphic writing played a very important role in the development of the Chinese national culture and history and allowed the Chinese written language to live so long in spite of all difficulties it had to face. In addition, due to its originality this language managed to become one of the most wide-spread languages among the people all over the World.   Taking into consideration all these historical data we can come to the following conclusion – the Chinese written language is considered to be a unique phenomenon among the other written languages, which also took place in the World history. So, it is unique hieroglyphic language which is very interesting for studying. Chinese is the only major writing system of the world that continued its pictograph-based development without interruption, and that is still in general modern use (Chinese written        language, 2006, p.1).            Coming back to the history of the Chinese written language we can emphasize that the given hieroglyphic writing has managed to go through several stages of its development. Having made a great deal of attempts to change it reformers manage to make the Chinese written language more available for people.            Nevertheless, the main principles and feature of the modern Chinese writing continue to be unchanged during several thousand years. So, that’s why in order to understand the Chinese culture, the traditional Chinese history, the Chinese civilization and if it is possible the Chinese traditional ideology – both the Chinese written language and its history should be studied in detail. References Chinese written language. Retrieved August 10, 2006, from www.chinatownconnection.com/chinese_written_language.htm Origins of Chinese writing. Retrieved August 10, 2006, from http://www.logoi.com/notes/chinese_origins.html
Sunday, October 27, 2019
Analysis of Cusp Catastrophe Model
Analysis of Cusp Catastrophe Model Social Psychology of Sport Critical discussion on cusp catastrophe model and using its principles of anxiety on an athlete’s performance. Introduction The ability to cope with pressure and anxiety under strenuous conditions such as a large sporting event is an essential skill to have, especially for an elite level athlete. Anxiety can be associated with an unpleasant state of mind, which can have different effects on performance. There have been many reported situations among athletes relating the feeling of being anxious or stressed in different sporting events. Dias et, al (2009) have participated in a research reporting 550 results among different level athletes linking to stress and anxiety to an important event. Some research have been shown that there were decrease in performance in correlation to anxiety such as memory, complex motor tasks such as shooting into the hoop in basketball () or indoor rock climbing (). However, there have also been positive anxiety correlations on performance regarding rebound shot in basketball and () have shown to have improvement in motor tasks skills such as anagram-solving. However, the relationships between anxiety and performance have been difficult to explain. Things such as methodological flaws, lack of operational definitions and unclear theoretical construction all conjunct within different theories (). Hardy’s (1990) cups catastrophe model (CCM) has been attempting to explain the contradicting effects of anxiety on performance, using multidimensional construct model. Cusp catastrophe model The catastrophe theory was originally proposed by a mathematician Rene Thom (1975). Rene developed the model geometrically explaining all naturally discontinuities in the world. Hardy (1990) has then developed a model of anxiety and performance (), attempting to explain the contradicting findings that have been previously reported regarding anxiety on performance. The model is based on the view on anxiety performance as a multidimensional construct; it combines the cognitive components â€Å"interactive effects of anxiety-performance relationship, the facilitative effects of cognitive anxiety and hysteresis†(), and physiological arousals ‘the organism’s natural physiological response to anxiety-including satiations’(). Cups catastrophe model shows an interactive, three-dimensional model predicting the effects for cognitive anxiety in a form of worry and physiological arousal on performance. Cups catastrophe model proposes that there are a series of four relationships which exists between cognitive anxiety, physiological arousal and performance. Cognitive arousal (CA) components are explained as expectations and cognitive concerns about one self, their situation and potential consequences (). Physiological arousal (PA) component is regarded as physiological response to anxiety, such as pain, feeling sick or feeling uncomfortable (). The first predictor suggests that cognitive anxiety has a positive connection with performance, when physiological arousal is at the lower end of the spectrum. The second predictor shows to have a negative relationship with performance, when physiological arousal is high. Third, is when the CA is low, the PA is shown to have an inverted U-shaped relationship on performance. The final predictor suggests that, when CA is high and physiological arousal is increasing a break in the wave of performance surface occurs. The split factor suggests that there will be a catastrophic drop in performance from the upper performance surface to lower performance surface. Moreover, when the catastrophic drop has occurred, with the large reduction in physiological arousal it is possible to bring performance back to the upper performance surface ().The change that occur when cognitive anxiety is high and physiological arousal increases is called hysteresis, which occurs under the condition of high cogn itive anxiety but not low cognitive anxiety. Hysteresis can be explained as the condition within the model where performance can catastrophically decrease from the upper performance surface to the lower performance surface. However, with the decrease in PA levels below the level at which the catastrophic drop occurred performance of the athlete may increase. Analysing one of the quotes made by Jessica Ennis, (2011) who is a professional 100 meter hurdler, have said: Im really, really nervous before every event, she admits. There are different levels of nerves. Before the hurdles Im particularly nervous as its the first event and, once thats out of the way, I relax a little bit†. Using cups catastrophe model it can be seen that Jessica experience signs of anxiety, having different levels of nervousness throughout the event. It can be expected that her cognitive and physiological arousals are pretty high, as the pressure from an Olympic event such as crowd, competition, winning the gold medal or podium position could have an effect on her performance. So before the event Jessica’s anxiety levels are high, with cognitive anxiety being high and physiological arousal decreasing the hysteresis effect may occur with Jessica feeling the pressure. However, her personal coping strategies could help reverse that effect, bringing her ba ck to the upper performance surface when the competition begins. Balancing the high cognitive state and physiological arousal may help increase performance during the event. Straight after the event it can be seen that she may relax, so her cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal decrease straight after the event leaving her of being more stress-free. Moreover, if she had to perform the hurdles after a certain amount of time, cognitive anxiety could be in at the middle and physiological arousal being low, to maintain the concentration for her to progress on to the next tier. Critical discussion The cups catastrophe model can handle complex linear and nonlinear relationship simultaneously in a three-dimensional manner, with the use of high-order probability density within the model, the functions have the advantage of being able to integrate sudden changes within behavioural jumps in the hysteresis(). Researches by Hardy et al, 2010 have applied the theory behind the cusp model over two experiments, supporting the process and the theory behind performance catastrophes and anxiety by using it with high levels of trait anxiety with competitive environment. The second study was social pressure and ego within the competitive environment which suggest that the cups catastrophe model is plausible. Hardy at al, 2007 have also found that hysteresis did occur in high CA condition, with the significant drops in performance with the increase in PA and CA. Another study by Marshall et al. 2005 looked into how interaction effects of cognitive anxiety and physiological arousal on have an effect on golf performance. The research did confirm that using the model, it had a positive relationship in regards of different situations and how anxiety is coped. However, the research also indicated that even though the methodology is plausible other factors needed to be assessed, as the theory is multidimensional it is very complex. Edwards et al, 2002 on the other hand, implemented that the theory of cusp catastrophe model may be plausible; however other factors such as confidence could appear to play a significant part in the catastrophic performance. Also () has implemented that other models such as endogenous learning-by-doing (ELBD), supports similar fundamentals of anxiety literature. All of the studies and theories suggest that anxiety does have different effects on physiological arousal and on anticipation timing performance during competition and practice. Also most of the models do tend to support the hysteresis theory and the catastrophe phenomenon. Most of the literature supports the different implementation of anxiety which occurs within the human mind, however it is very complex and needs to be further investigated to find a greater explanation on how anxiety affects sporting performance. Conclusion Determining the effects on anxiety on performance is still ripe at this stage; there are plenty of implementations which could be added to all of the models and theories. However, with the use of combined theories it may help further explanation and elimination of how there are relationships within understanding of anxiety, and how potentially it could increase and decrease performance of the athletes. With the cups catastrophe model being one of the most used in the research, it cannot be overlooked that other factors may affect the relationship between anxiety and performance. With the implementation of cups catastrophe model researchers could use other models or theories to round up the conclusion. Reads Anxiety-induced performance catastrophes: Investigating effort required as an asymmetry factor Lew Hardy*, Stuart Beattie and Tim Woodman
Friday, October 25, 2019
Legalizing Marijuana Will Decreased Crime Essay -- legalization of cann
Marijuana is the cause of much commotion and debating, as the question of legalization becomes more of an issue. Drugs are a major influential force in countries all over the world today. Legalization is an option that has not had a chance, but really should be given one. Although many people feel that legalizing marijuana would increase the amount of drug use, legalization would benefit for the following reasons: 1)reduction of money spent on law enforcement 2)increase in the countries revenue 3)lessen crime 4)useful in treating certain medical conditions. Many feel today we are loosing the war on drugs. People consider legalization unnecessary. They feel that it will increase the amount of drug use throughout the world. They state that in many cases, drug users who have quit quit because of trouble with the law. Legalization would eliminate the legal forces that discourage the users from using or selling drugs. They also say that by making drugs legal, the people who have never tried drugs for fear of getting caught by the law will have no reason to be afraid anymore and will become users (Potter 1998). However, legalization will be profitable to global economies in two ways. It will allow for money spent on drug law enforcement to be spent more wisely and will increase revenue. There have been escalating costs spent on the war against drugs and countless dollars spent on rehabilitation. Every year in the United States, ten billion dollars are spent on enforcing drug laws alone. Drug violators accounted for about forty percent of all criminals in federal prisons (Rosenthal 1996). In 1989, a Republican county executive of Mercer County, N.J., estimated that it would cost approximately one      billion dollars to build the jail space required to house all the drug users in Trenton alone (Roffman 1982). All of this money could be spent on things of greater importance. Not only has the drug problem increased, but the drug related problems are on the rise. Drug abuse is a killer worldwide. Some are born addicts (crack babies), while others develop addictions later in life. Drug violators are a major cause of extreme overcrowding in US prisons. In 1992, 59,000 inmates were added to make a record setting 833,600 inmates nationwide (Rosenthal 1996). A high percentage of these prisoners were serving time because of drug related incid... ... decided that it is a valid and necessary solution to our countries drug problem. By implementing such a program the American population can use its money and resources to combat the problem through the legal system. Legalization will decrease violent crime associated with drug dealers, it will decrease the number of users and will lower the wasteful cost which is connected with the current system. Such legalization will not destroy our youth in any way and will only be accessible to adults in the country. If we continue with our current system we will never solve the problem. Drug dealers and addicts will crown our prisons and plague our streets. Bibliography 1)     Friedman, Milton. â€Å"Prohibition and Drugs.†Newsweek. 1972 2)     Potter, Beverly The Healing Magic of Cannabis Ronin Publishing’s, Inc. CA 1998 3)     Randell, Robert C The Patients Fight for Medicinal Pot Thunders Mouth Press, NY 1998 4)     Roffman, Roger A Marijuana as Medicine Madrona Publishers, Inc., WA 1982 5) Rosenthal, Ed Why Marijuana Should be Legal Thunders Mouth Press, NY 1996
Thursday, October 24, 2019
The White Indentured Servants
In the 17th century the white indentured servants and black slaves were pretty much the same in everything but skin color. They cooperated in bacons rebellion in which the black slaves and white indentured servants worked together for a common cause. The slaves and indentured servants worked together to end the poverty and discontent of the people who had no land in Virginia. This was the first rebellion in the American colonies that frontiers men took part in.It was the force of about a thousand Virginians that rose up in arms against Virginia governor William Berkley. This is because he refused to attack the Native Americans in retaliation for the natives attacking the poor frontiers men. Though it is believed it was bacons move against Governor William Berkley and his favoritism of certain members of the court. After Berkley refused to retaliate against the Native Americans who attacked the western frontiers men they took it into their own hands. They gathered around at the report of a new raiding party.They when and killed the some of the Native Americans and their families including some of the friendly Pamukey Indians. Nathanial Bacon criticized Governor William Berkley rule as one of unfair tax hikes, appointing friends in positions of power and failing to protect frontier settlers from native attacks. Then there were months of conflict for Bacons small army until he pulled a very bold and risky move. Bacons small army moved to Jamestown, the capital of Virginia, the burned Jamestown to the ground on September 19, 1676.This sent Governor William Berkley fleeing and also sent Bacons small army retreated across the river. Then before the British navel squadron arrived to help Governor William Berkley and his forces Nathanial Bacon died from dysentery on October 26, 1676. The rebellion didn’t last long after that. The Effect of this is that it is one of the only times that whites and blacks co operated in rebellion until the civil war. This also effe ctively removed William Berkley as governor.
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
Branding Yoga
Marketing Management Professor: Dr. Todd Arnold Student: Rodrigo Jesus Ramirez Martagon Bachelor of Business Administration Case: Branding Yoga 10/22/2012 Yoga in 2008 just in America has become a 5. 7 billion business (Yoga in America, 2008) and had almost 16 million people were practitioners of yoga, (Yoga Journal, 2008). Nowadays there are more than 22 million people practicing yoga (United Stated Yoga Federation, 2012). Gender of US yoga practitioners are 72. 2% Female and 27. 8% Male. 44% Percentage of U. S. yoga practitioners with household income of more than $75,000; 24% earn more than $100,000.The Age of U. S. yoga practitioners are 40. 6%: 18 – 34 years of age, 41. 0%: 35-54 years of age and 18. 4%: Over 55 years of age (Namasta, 2012). Bikram Choudhury is an Indian yoga guru and he is the founder of Bikram Yoga. Bikram Yoga is a 26 postures type of Hatha yoga done in a hot (105 degrees Fahrenheit or greater) environment. Bikram yoga simplified the techniques of trad itional yoga and became popular in the early 1970s. Bikram patented the 26 postures under the U. S. copyright. In 2006 he had more than 1650 Yoga Studios around the world. He is the person who owns the biggest gyms in America. (Bikram Yoga College, 2012) ] In the other hand there is a former model named Tara Stiles, she start practicing just for the relax feeling and made her first YouTube videos for a request of his model job in Ford Modeling Agency. After leaving the modeling agency, she decided to make her own yoga classes so, she make more videos to promote her. She also wrote for a couple of blogs (Women’s Health and The Huffington). She became popular because she was very straightforward and good looking; and more important, she made the yoga lessons simple and without the Sanskrit words for the poses or chant in her classes.But beside her success she does not think in patent her class’s style. [ (IMDb, 2012) ] The Hindu American Foundation is a group is an advoc acy group providing a progressive Hindu American voice. The Foundation interacts with and educates leaders in public policy, academia, media, and the public at large about Hinduism and global issues concerning Hindus, such as religious liberty, the misportrayal of Hinduism, hate speech, hate crimes, and human rights.By promoting the Hindu and American ideals of understanding, tolerance and pluralism, HAF stands firmly against hate, discrimination, defamation and terror (Hindu American Foundation, 212). The Hindu American Foundation were concerned about the yoga's roots and all that the yoga carries. Nowadays the three, Bikram Choudhury, Tara Styles and Hindu American Foundation, are the most relevant people/organizations in America to think in making the yoga a whole brand. But first is important to be sure which are the differences that make every one of them different from the other (strengths and weaknesses). | Strength | Weakness|Bikram Choudhury| 1st big school in America| to s trict schedule |  | more than 1600 schools in all around the world| not for every one (to hot temperature)|  | patented method| to long classes| | recognition among yoga's community| most people think is for older people|  | many products of their own|  | Tara Styles| easiest teaching style among all the other classes| lack of branding in their classes|  | the faster way to do yoga| She is not interested in patenting or registering her classes|  | no religion or other similar stuff in her classes| she does not have more yoga studios around the US|  | On the internet for free|  |Hindu American Foundation| recognition of have the most ancient knowledge| they don’t own a brand for yoga classes| | there is no person to be their face of yoga | They want that people be aware of the Hindu roots of yoga| So to be a new competitor is important to be aware that you can take advantage of what they have already done or what they are still missing. The yoga industr y is like many others out there, I can relate yoga with soccer because before they had FIFA they played with the rules of their preference and no one really knew how to play around the world the same sport even the ore of the sport was the same: have fun and score goals. So when FIFA is created, they put together all the people who wanted to play soccer and develop rules. Although there were people who does not liked the soccer, so they created the rugby. With yoga is the same just that they have more streams. This entire people try to achieve a common result, health in the path of yoga. So this is similar to the case whit Bikram, Tara and the Hindu American Foundation and they can get together for the common bases or they can do yoga as now.The strategies they already develop can be taken by local business finding what is going to work for specific a market. In my case, I decided to work with a local business call Red Earth Yoga Center. They already work with a target market, peopl e who studies or works in OSU, offering for them special prices. They also try to please their customers with different kinds of classes (hot yoga, beginning yoga, beginning and beyond, among others) and have programs for High and junior high schools. They cannot use Groupon because there is none service in Stillwater.They can choose between being part of a bigger organization (Bikram’s Yoga or Department of Ayush) or stay the way that they are right now. I highly recommend stay the way that they are right now because there are none companies who are in the same situation (being in a town which lives for a university) who can stand or adapt his franchise to that specific panorama, and the most probably thing to happened is to change his procedure to the franchisor's procedure and lose the core of the business that they already own.They can take advantage of what is already work or does not work out for the successful business, like yoga with less heat, and shorter classes. Th ey can sell merchandise from different yoga brands, and use the Easy Americanized style of Tara Stiles among other strategies. Bibliography Bikram Yoga College. (2012). About Bikram Yoga. Retrieved 10 20, 2012, from http://www. bikramyoga. com/BikramYoga/about_bikram_yoga. php Hindu American Foundation. (212, 10 10). Who are we: Hindu American Foundation. Retrieved 10 20, 2012, from http://www. afsite. org/about/who_we_are IMDb. (2012). Biography. Retrieved 10 20, 2012, from http://www. imdb. com/name/nm1423093/bio Namasta. (2012 10-10). Namasta. Retrieved 2012 20-10 from http://www. namasta. com/pressresources. php United Stated Yoga Federation. (2012 10). usayoga. Retrieved 2012 20-10 from http://www. usayoga. org/ (2008). Yoga in America. Market Study. Yoga Journal. (2008 26-02). www. yogajournal. com. Retrieved 2012 20-10 from yoga journal: www. yogajournal. com/advertise/press_releases/10
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